Fig. 1. The sequential process of sub-protoplast regeneration from disintegrated cells of Bryopsis plumosa. (A) Vegetative plant with distichous branches. (B) Protoplasm comes out from the wounded cell and spreads in seawater. (C) Aggregation of the extruded cell organelles in seawater. (D) Regenerated sub-protoplast with a primary envelope 20 minutes after wounding. (E) The secondary lipid-based membrane inside the primary envelope 12 hours after wounding (pe, primary envelope; sm, secondary membrane). Bars, 10 µm.