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Fig. 1. Effect of TGF-ß1 signaling on proliferation and telomerase activity in either untransfected HaCaT cells (a), hTERT- (HaCaT-TERT) (b) or c-Myc (HaCaT-myc) transfectants (c). Upper panels: Western blot showing phosphorylation of Smad2 and expression of c-Myc after TGF-ß1 treatment. Middle panels: BrdU incorporation assay. Untreated cells are taken as 100%. Lower panel: TGF-ß1 downregulation of telomerase activity in HaCaT and HaCaT-myc cells and telomerase maintenance in HaCaT-TERT cells. Telomerase activity was measured by conventional TRAP assay. From each sample an RNase-inactivated negative control was assayed in parallel. IC, internal control.