Fig. 5. Glutamate-induced [Ca²⁺]_c increases. (A) Effects of antagonists for ionotropic glutamate receptors (a,b) and VOCCs (c-g) on the 100 µM glutamate-elicited [Ca²⁺]_c rises. The black curves are [Ca²⁺]_c rises in response to 100 µM glutamate and the red curves are [Ca²⁺]_c rises in the presence of specific antagonists. (a) 30 µM CNQX; (b) 50 µM AP-5; (c) 10 µM nifedipine; (d) 1 µM -conotoxin GVIA; (e) 1 µM -agatoxin IVA; (f) cocktail of the above VOCC antagonists; (g) 200 µM CdCl₂. (B) Summary of a-f experiments (means ± s.e.m., n). CNQX, 39.5±6.7% of control, n=16; AP-5, 93.3±3.9%, n=13; nifedipine, 82.3±3.9%, n=7; -conotoxin GVIA, 93.9±0.3%, n=5; -agatoxin IVA, 100%, n=3; cocktail of the above three antagonists, 67.5±2.4%, n=3; CdCl₂, 27.7±4.8%, n=6. All the solutions contain 1 µM glycine. *Significant difference (paired student t-test, P<0.05).