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Fig. 9. Ras signalling is mediated by three independent effector proteins during Xenopus mesoderm induction and gastrulation. Ras activation leads to signalling through the Raf/MAP kinase and PI 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways to activate gene expression and through the Ral-GDS/Ral/RLIP pathway to regulate assembly and disassembly of the actin cytoskeleton in marginal-zone-derived cells during gastrulation.