Fig. 1. Inhibition of p38MAPK, p42/44 MAPK and PI3-kinase pathways partially suppress LPS-induced VEGF production by macrophages. (A) Comparison of the kinetics of LPS-induced VEGF and TNF- production. Macrophages at 1x10⁶ cells/ml were stimulated with 10 ng/ml LPS and, at the indicated times, culture supernatants were harvested to assay production of VEGF and TNF- by ELISA. In subsequent experiments macrophages were pre-incubated with the indicated doses of either SB203580 (B), PD098059 (C), wortmannin (D) or LY294002 (E) for 1 hour before stimulating with 10 ng/ml LPS. After 24 hours of culture, media were collected and VEGF was measured by ELISA. The mean±s.d. of triplicate wells is shown. Data are representative of three experiments: ^***P<0.001, ^**P<0.01 versus cells stimulated with LPS alone.