Fig. 5. Endogenous TNF- is required for LPS- and CD40L-induced macrophage VEGF release. Macrophages were stimulated for 24 hours with either LPS (10 ng/ml) or sCD40L (1 µg/ml) in the presence of the isotype control antibody IgG2 10 µg/ml or the anti-TNF- antibody (cA2) 10 µg/ml. Culture supernatants were assayed for VEGF. Neutralisation of endogenous TNF- significantly inhibits VEGF production by macrophages in response to LPS (A) and sCD40L (B). Mean cytokine production±s.d. of triplicate cultures is shown and is representative of three independent experiments.