Fig. 2. Pupal lethal phenotype of p54 mutant. (A) 60-hour-old (APF) puparia of p54 (top and middle) and Oregon R wild-type (bottom). The mutant puparia are characteristically bent and smaller than the wild-type. (B) 60-hour-old (APF) puparia of p54 (top: side view, bottom: dorsal view). The pupae inside are separated from the puparial cuticle (see also A). In the bottom animal the pupal cuticle was laid down in the head and tail regions but remained open in the middle of the body and the internal tissues are exposed (arrow). (C-F) Pupae removed from the puparial case for comparison. (C) In the 16-hour-old (APF) wild-type pupa the main body parts of the adult (head, thorax, abdomen) are formed and the wings and legs everted. (D) In the 60-hour-old mutant pupa the head and thorax are significantly smaller and the appendages shorter than those of the 16-hour-old wildtype. Adult cuticle secretion and eye pigment deposition were never observed. (E) 60-hour-old wild-type pupa. The hypoderm already separated from the pupal cuticle (arrowhead) in preparation for the adult cuticle secretion. Pigment deposition is visible in the eyes. (F) A 60-hour-old (APF) mutant pupa with minimal signs of development: the pupal cuticle can be found only in the regions of the head and the external genitalia (arrowheads). On the other parts of the body the internal tissues are exposed. D and F represent the two extremes of the p54 mutant phenotype (see text for details). A,C,E are anterior to the left; B,D,F are anterior to the right. (G) Larval brain from mutant and wild-type wandering larvae.