Fig. 1. Effects of ethanol stress on the localization of nucleoporins and export of mRNA in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). (A) The localization of nucleoporins was observed by immunofluorescence using mAb414. Cells in exponential phase were treated with ethanol (10% v/v) for 15 minutes. (B) Intracellular localization of bulk poly(A)⁺ mRNA was analyzed by in situ hybridization using a DIG-labeled oligo(dT)₅₀ probe. Cells were treated with ethanol (10% v/v) for 15 minutes or heat shock (42°C) for 60 minutes. Nuclear DNA was stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) (lower panels). (C) Intracellular localization of SSA4 mRNA was analyzed by in situ hybridization using Cy3-labeled SSA4 probes. Cells were treated with ethanol (10% v/v) for 15 minutes or heat shock (42°C) for 60 minutes. Nuclear DNA was stained with DAPI (lower panels).