Fig. 6. Directional endothelial cell migration in a small physiological EF. (A) Endothelial cells in culture exposed to an EF of 100 mV mm^–1 migrated directionally towards the anode. Cells migrated slowly but steadily toward the anode over 24 hours. Movement is evident using the static scratch on the culture dish as a reference (right margin). Notice that lamellipodia extended preferentially toward the anode. (B) Scatter plot showing biased migration of endothelial cells in an EF. Cells started at the origin and each dot represents the position of each cell 4 hours later. The distribution of the cells shifted towards the anode. Radius=7 µm.