Fig. 12. Hypothetical models for formation of intranuclear membrane stacks. The cytoplasmic region of
Ext/R4Tth (black dots) is assumed to mediate interactions between opposing membrane layers. (A)
Ext/R4Tth localized to the INM induces invagination of the INM and further extension and folding of the invaginated membrane into whorled structures. (B) Interactions between cytoplasmic tails of
Ext/R4Tth induces tight packing and adherence of ER membrane stacks and also interaction between ER and ONM. Interactions between ER and ONM and between opposing regions of the INM causes incorporation of the membrane stacks into the nucleus. Nu, nucleoplasm.