Fig. 10. Intracellular Ca²⁺-signaling pathways induce plastic changes at subcellular compartments. The potentiation at the glutamatergic synapse enhances neuronal activity (red); the potentiation at the GABA synapse inhibits neuronal activity (blue); and the weakness in the soma (blue) is inversely associated with axonal potentiation (red), or vice versa. The integrated effects on neuronal programming are homeostatic in nature. ARP, absolute refractory period; CaM, calmodulin; CaN, calcineurin; GABA-R, GABA receptor; Glu-R, glutamine receptor; IP₃R, inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate receptor; Pks, protein kinases; VGSC, Voltage-gated sodium channel; Vts, threshold potential.