Fig. 2. Overview of the intracellular signaling pathways regulated by ILK. ILK is a central component of signaling cascades that control an array of biological processes that are crucial both to normal tissue homeostasis and to the progression of malignant disease. Activation of ILK by integrins and soluble mediators results in the regulation of downstream effectors that, in turn, modulate processes such as motility and contractility, survival, EMT, invasion, proliferation, and angiogenesis. ILK activity is antagonized by ILKAP and PTEN. Ang2, angiopoietin 2; GF, growth factor; SPARC, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine; PIP3, PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃; PDK1, protein-dependent kinase 1; P, phosphorylation site; SMOC2, secreted modular calcium-binding protein 2; ET-1, endothelin 1; NAC, nascent polypeptide-associated complex and coactivator; -parv, -parvin; HIF1, hypoxia-inducible factor 1.