|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Home Help Feedback Subscriptions Archive Search Table of Contents | |||||
Journal of Cell Science, Vol 109, Issue 6 1427-1436, Copyright © 1996 by Company of Biologists
JOURNAL ARTICLES |
FJ Iborra, A Pombo, DA Jackson and PR Cook
CRC Nuclear Structure and Function Research Group, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK.
Nascent transcripts in permeabilized HeLa cells were elongated by approximately 30-2,000 nucleotides in Br-UTP or biotin-14-CTP, before incorporation sites were immunolabelled either pre- or post-embedding, and visualized by light or electron microscopy. Analogues were concentrated in approximately 2,100 (range 2,000-2,700) discrete sites attached to a nucleoskeleton and surrounded by chromatin. A typical site contained a cluster (diameter 71 nm) of at least 4, and probably about 20, engaged polymerases, plus associated transcripts that partially overlapped a zone of RNA polymerase II, ribonucleoproteins, and proteins rich in thiols and acidic groups. As each site probably contains many transcription units, these results suggest that active polymerases are confined to these sites, which we call transcription 'factories'. Results are consistent with transcription occurring as templates slide past attached polymerases, as nascent RNA is extruded into the factories.
CiteULike 
Complore 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us 
Digg 
Reddit 
Technorati 
Twitter What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  L. Luo, K. L. Gassman, L. M. Petell, C. L. Wilson, J. Bewersdorf, and L. S. Shopland The nuclear periphery of embryonic stem cells is a transcriptionally permissive and repressive compartment J. Cell Sci., October 15, 2009; 122(20): 3729 - 3737. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Hu, I. Kireev, M. Plutz, N. Ashourian, and A. S. Belmont Large-scale chromatin structure of inducible genes: transcription on a condensed, linear template J. Cell Biol., April 6, 2009; 185(1): 87 - 100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Brown, J. Green, R. P. das Neves, H. A.C. Wallace, A. J.H. Smith, J. Hughes, N. Gray, S. Taylor, W. G. Wood, D. R. Higgs, et al. Association between active genes occurs at nuclear speckles and is modulated by chromatin environment J. Cell Biol., September 22, 2008; 182(6): 1083 - 1097. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. H. Eskiw, A. Rapp, D. R. F. Carter, and P. R. Cook RNA polymerase II activity is located on the surface of protein-rich transcription factories J. Cell Sci., June 15, 2008; 121(12): 1999 - 2007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. N. Cockerill NFAT Is Well Placed to Direct Both Enhancer Looping and Domain-Wide Models of Enhancer Function Sci. Signal., April 1, 2008; 1(13): pe15 - pe15. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Vecchio, L. Solimando, M. Biggiogera, and S. Fakan Use of Halogenated Precursors for Simultaneous DNA and RNA Detection by Means of Immunoelectron and Immunofluorescence Microscopy J. Histochem. Cytochem., January 1, 2008; 56(1): 45 - 55. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. G. Muller, D. Rieder, T. S. Karpova, S. John, Z. Trajanoski, and J. G. McNally Organization of chromatin and histone modifications at a transcription site J. Cell Biol., July 30, 2007; 177(6): 957 - 967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. X. Du, C. C. Yun, A. Bialkowska, and V. W. Yang Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT1 Interacts with and Up-regulates Activities of the Pro-proliferative Transcription Factor Kruppel-like Factor 5 J. Biol. Chem., February 16, 2007; 282(7): 4782 - 4793. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. A. Haeusler and D. R. Engelke Spatial organization of transcription by RNA polymerase III Nucleic Acids Res., October 18, 2006; 34(17): 4826 - 4836. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Binnie, P. Castelo-Branco, J. Monks, and N. J. Proudfoot Homologous gene sequences mediate transcription-domain formation J. Cell Sci., September 15, 2006; 119(18): 3876 - 3887. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. S. Shopland, C. R. Lynch, K. A. Peterson, K. Thornton, N. Kepper, J. v. Hase, S. Stein, S. Vincent, K. R. Molloy, G. Kreth, et al. Folding and organization of a contiguous chromosome region according to the gene distribution pattern in primary genomic sequence J. Cell Biol., July 3, 2006; 174(1): 27 - 38. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Faro-Trindade and P. R. Cook A Conserved Organization of Transcription during Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation and in Cells with High C Value Mol. Biol. Cell, July 1, 2006; 17(7): 2910 - 2920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Fraser and J. D. Engel Constricting restricted transcription: the (actively?) shrinking web Genes & Dev., June 1, 2006; 20(11): 1379 - 1383. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Ragoczy, M.A. Bender, A. Telling, R. Byron, and M. Groudine The locus control region is required for association of the murine beta-globin locus with engaged transcription factories during erythroid maturation Genes & Dev., June 1, 2006; 20(11): 1447 - 1457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Q. Xie, S. Martin, P. V. Guillot, D. L. Bentley, and A. Pombo Splicing Speckles Are Not Reservoirs of RNA Polymerase II, but Contain an Inactive Form, Phosphorylated on Serine2 Residues of the C-Terminal Domain Mol. Biol. Cell, April 1, 2006; 17(4): 1723 - 1733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Guo and J. W. Stiller Comparative Genomics and Evolution of Proteins Associated with RNA Polymerase II C-Terminal Domain Mol. Biol. Evol., November 1, 2005; 22(11): 2166 - 2178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. G. West and P. Fraser Remote control of gene transcription Hum. Mol. Genet., April 15, 2005; 14(suppl_1): R101 - R111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Mearini, P. E. Nielsen, and F. O. Fackelmayer Localization and dynamics of small circular DNA in live mammalian nuclei Nucleic Acids Res., May 11, 2004; 32(8): 2642 - 2651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Martin, A. V. Failla, U. Spori, C. Cremer, and A. Pombo Measuring the Size of Biological Nanostructures with Spatially Modulated Illumination Microscopy Mol. Biol. Cell, May 1, 2004; 15(5): 2449 - 2455. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Ben-Yehoyada, I. Ben-Dor, and Y. Shaul c-Abl Tyrosine Kinase Selectively Regulates p73 Nuclear Matrix Association J. Biol. Chem., September 5, 2003; 278(36): 34475 - 34482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. V. Prasanth, P. A. Sacco-Bubulya, S. G. Prasanth, and D. L. Spector Sequential Entry of Components of Gene Expression Machinery into Daughter Nuclei Mol. Biol. Cell, March 1, 2003; 14(3): 1043 - 1057. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Elbi, T. Misteli, and G. L. Hager Recruitment of Dioxin Receptor to Active Transcription Sites Mol. Biol. Cell, June 1, 2002; 13(6): 2001 - 2015. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. P. Santos, R. Abranches, E. Stoger, A. Beven, W. Viegas, and P. J. Shaw The architecture of interphase chromosomes and gene positioning are altered by changes in DNA methylation and histone acetylation J. Cell Sci., January 12, 2002; 115(23): 4597 - 4605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. P. Rubbi and J. Milner Analysis of nucleotide excision repair by detection of single-stranded DNA transients Carcinogenesis, November 1, 2001; 22(11): 1789 - 1796. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Spilianakis, J. Papamatheakis, and A. Kretsovali Acetylation by PCAF Enhances CIITA Nuclear Accumulation and Transactivation of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Genes Mol. Cell. Biol., November 15, 2000; 20(22): 8489 - 8498. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Pestic-Dragovich, L. Stojiljkovic, A. A. Philimonenko, G. Nowak, Y. Ke, R. E. Settlage, J. Shabanowitz, D. F. Hunt, P. Hozak, and P. de Lanerolle A Myosin I Isoform in the Nucleus Science, October 13, 2000; 290(5490): 337 - 341. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. A. Hume Probability in transcriptional regulation and its implications for leukocyte differentiation and inducible gene expression Blood, October 1, 2000; 96(7): 2323 - 2328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. von Mikecz, S. Zhang, M. Montminy, E. M. Tan, and P. Hemmerich Creb-Binding Protein (Cbp/P300) and RNA Polymerase II Colocalize in Transcriptionally Active Domains in the Nucleus J. Cell Biol., July 10, 2000; 150(1): 265 - 274. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. N. Szentirmay and M. Sawadogo SURVEY AND SUMMARY: Spatial organization of RNA polymerase II transcription in the nucleus Nucleic Acids Res., May 15, 2000; 28(10): 2019 - 2025. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Fath, P. Milkereit, A. V. Podtelejnikov, N. Bischler, P. Schultz, M. Bier, M. Mann, and H. Tschochner Association of Yeast RNA Polymerase I with a Nucleolar Substructure Active in Rrna Synthesis and Processing J. Cell Biol., May 1, 2000; 149(3): 575 - 590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. A. JACKSON, A. POMBO, and F. IBORRA The balance sheet for transcription: an analysis of nuclear RNA metabolism in mammalian cells FASEB J, February 1, 2000; 14(2): 242 - 254. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Melcak, K. Koberna, and J. Malínský Nuclear pre-mRNA Compartmentalization: Trafficking of Released Transcripts to Splicing Factor Reservoirs Mol. Biol. Cell, February 1, 2000; 11(2): 497 - 510. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Iborra, D. Jackson, and P. Cook The path of RNA through nuclear pores: apparent entry from the sides into specialized pores J. Cell Sci., January 1, 2000; 113(2): 291 - 302. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Wei, S. Somanathan, J. Samarabandu, and R. Berezney Three-Dimensional Visualization of Transcription Sites and Their Association with Splicing Factor-Rich Nuclear Speckles J. Cell Biol., August 9, 1999; 146(3): 543 - 558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Kimura, Y. Tao, R. G. Roeder, and P. R. Cook Quantitation of RNA Polymerase II and Its Transcription Factors in an HeLa Cell: Little Soluble Holoenzyme but Significant Amounts of Polymerases Attached to the Nuclear Substructure Mol. Cell. Biol., August 1, 1999; 19(8): 5383 - 5392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Ortega and M. DePamphilis Nucleoskeleton and initiation of DNA replication in metazoan cells J. Cell Sci., June 14, 1999; 111(24): 3663 - 3673. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. R. Cook The Organization of Replication and Transcription Science, June 11, 1999; 284(5421): 1790 - 1795. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Pombo, M. Hollinshead, and P. R. Cook Bridging the Resolution Gap: Imaging the Same Transcription Factories in Cryosections by Light and Electron Microscopy J. Histochem. Cytochem., April 1, 1999; 47(4): 471 - 480. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Cmarko, P. J. Verschure, T. E. Martin, M. E. Dahmus, S. Krause, X.-D. Fu, R. van Driel, and S. Fakan Ultrastructural Analysis of Transcription and Splicing in the Cell Nucleus after Bromo-UTP Microinjection Mol. Biol. Cell, January 1, 1999; 10(1): 211 - 223. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Abranches, A. F. Beven, L. Aragon-Alcaide, and P. J. Shaw Transcription Sites Are Not Correlated with Chromosome Territories in Wheat Nuclei J. Cell Biol., October 5, 1998; 143(1): 5 - 12. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. J. Iborra and P. R. Cook The Size of Sites Containing SR Proteins in Human Nuclei: Problems Associated with Characterizing Small Structures by Immunogold Labeling J. Histochem. Cytochem., September 1, 1998; 46(9): 985 - 992. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Walia, H. Y. Chen, J.-M. Sun, L. T. Holth, and J. R. Davie Histone Acetylation Is Required to Maintain the Unfolded Nucleosome Structure Associated with Transcribing DNA J. Biol. Chem., June 5, 1998; 273(23): 14516 - 14522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. A. Jackson, F. J. Iborra, E. M.M. Manders, and P. R. Cook Numbers and Organization of RNA Polymerases, Nascent Transcripts, and Transcription Units in HeLa Nuclei Mol. Biol. Cell, June 1, 1998; 9(6): 1523 - 1536. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Patturajan, X. Wei, R. Berezney, and J. L. Corden A Nuclear Matrix Protein Interacts with the Phosphorylated C-Terminal Domain of RNA Polymerase II Mol. Cell. Biol., April 1, 1998; 18(4): 2406 - 2415. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Zeng, S. McNeil, S. Pockwinse, J. Nickerson, L. Shopland, J. B. Lawrence, S. Penman, S. Hiebert, J. B. Lian, A. J. van Wijnen, et al. Intranuclear targeting of AML/CBFalpha regulatory factors to nuclear matrix-associated transcriptional domains PNAS, February 17, 1998; 95(4): 1585 - 1589. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Iborra, D. Jackson, and P. Cook The path of transcripts from extra-nucleolar synthetic sites to nuclear pores: transcripts in transit are concentrated in discrete structures containing SR proteins J. Cell Sci., January 8, 1998; 111(15): 2269 - 2282. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. M. Neugebauer and M. B. Roth Transcription units as RNA processing units Genes & Dev., December 15, 1997; 11(24): 3279 - 3285. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Cook The transcriptional basis of chromosome pairing J. Cell Sci., January 5, 1997; 110(9): 1033 - 1040. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
