|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Home Help Feedback Subscriptions Archive Search Table of Contents | |||||
Journal of Cell Science, Vol 111, Issue 7 897-905, Copyright © 1998 by Company of Biologists
JOURNAL ARTICLES |
LE Via, RA Fratti, M McFalone, E Pagan-Ramos, D Deretic and V Deretic
Department of Microbiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
One of the major mechanisms permitting intracellular pathogens to parasitize macrophages is their ability to alter maturation of the phagosome or affect its physical integrity. These processes are opposed by the host innate and adaptive immune defenses, and in many instances mononuclear phagocytes can be stimulated with appropriate cytokines to restrict the growth of the microorganisms within the phagosomal compartment. Very little is known about the effects that cytokines have on phagosome maturation. Here we have used green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled mycobacteria and a fixable acidotropic probe, LysoTracker Red DND-99, to monitor maturation of the mycobacterial phagosome. The macrophage compartments that stained with the LysoTracker probe were examined first. This dye was found to colocalize preferentially with the late endosomal and lysosomal markers rab7 and Lamp1, and with a fluid phase marker chased into the late endosomal compartments. In contrast, LysoTracker showed only a minor overlap with the early endosomal marker rab5. Pathogenic mycobacteria are believed to reside in nonacidified vacuoles sequestered away from late endosomal compartments as a part of their intracellular survival strategy. We examined the status of mycobacterial phagosomes in macrophages from IL-10 knockout mice, in quiescent cells, and in mononuclear phagocytes stimulated with the macrophage-activating cytokine IFN-(gamma). When macrophages were derived from the bone marrow of transgenic IL-10 mice lacking this major deactivating cytokine, colocalization of GFP-fluorescing mycobacteria with the LysoTracker staining appeared enhanced, suggestive of increased acidification of the mycobacterial phagosome relative to macrophages from normal mice. When bone marrow-derived macrophages from normal mice or a J774 murine macrophage cell line were stimulated with IFN-(gamma) and LPS, this resulted in increased colocalization of mycobacteria and LysoTracker, but no statistically significant enhancement was observed in IL-10 transgenic animals. These studies are consistent with the interpretation that proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines affect maturation of mycobacterial phagosomes. Although multiple mechanisms are likely to be at work, we propose the existence of a direct link between cytokine effects on the host cell and phagosome maturation in the macrophage.
CiteULike 
Complore 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us 
Digg 
Reddit 
Technorati 
Twitter What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  X. Ortega, A. Silipo, M. S. Saldias, C. C. Bates, A. Molinaro, and M. A. Valvano Biosynthesis and Structure of the Burkholderia cenocepacia K56-2 Lipopolysaccharide Core Oligosaccharide: TRUNCATION OF THE CORE OLIGOSACCHARIDE LEADS TO INCREASED BINDING AND SENSITIVITY TO POLYMYXIN B J. Biol. Chem., August 7, 2009; 284(32): 21738 - 21751. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. H. Vandal, C. F. Nathan, and S. Ehrt Acid Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis J. Bacteriol., August 1, 2009; 191(15): 4714 - 4721. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Guo, H. Feng, J. Zhang, W. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Li, C. Gao, H. Chen, Y. Feng, and Z.-G. He Dissecting transcription regulatory pathways through a new bacterial one-hybrid reporter system Genome Res., July 1, 2009; 19(7): 1301 - 1308. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. H. Vandal, J. A. Roberts, T. Odaira, D. Schnappinger, C. F. Nathan, and S. Ehrt Acid-Susceptible Mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Share Hypersusceptibility to Cell Wall and Oxidative Stress and to the Host Environment J. Bacteriol., January 15, 2009; 191(2): 625 - 631. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. K. Rampini, P. Selchow, C. Keller, S. Ehlers, E. C. Bottger, and P. Sander LspA inactivation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis results in attenuation without affecting phagosome maturation arrest Microbiology, October 1, 2008; 154(10): 2991 - 3001. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. E. Van Zandt, F. B. Sow, W. C. Florence, B. S. Zwilling, A. R. Satoskar, L. S. Schlesinger, and W. P. Lafuse The iron export protein ferroportin 1 is differentially expressed in mouse macrophage populations and is present in the mycobacterial-containing phagosome J. Leukoc. Biol., September 1, 2008; 84(3): 689 - 700. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. G. Gutierrez, B. B. Mishra, L. Jordao, E. Elliott, E. Anes, and G. Griffiths NF-{kappa}B Activation Controls Phagolysosome Fusion-Mediated Killing of Mycobacteria by Macrophages J. Immunol., August 15, 2008; 181(4): 2651 - 2663. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-A. Frese, S. Schulz, and T. Dierks Arylsulfatase G, a Novel Lysosomal Sulfatase J. Biol. Chem., April 25, 2008; 283(17): 11388 - 11395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. S. Saldias, J. Lamothe, R. Wu, and M. A. Valvano Burkholderia cenocepacia Requires the RpoN Sigma Factor for Biofilm Formation and Intracellular Trafficking within Macrophages Infect. Immun., March 1, 2008; 76(3): 1059 - 1067. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Alter-Koltunoff, S. Goren, J. Nousbeck, C. G. Feng, A. Sher, K. Ozato, A. Azriel, and B.-Z. Levi Innate Immunity to Intraphagosomal Pathogens Is Mediated by Interferon Regulatory Factor 8 (IRF-8) That Stimulates the Expression of Macrophage-specific Nramp1 through Antagonizing Repression by c-Myc J. Biol. Chem., February 1, 2008; 283(5): 2724 - 2733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Sun, A.-E. Deghmane, H. Soualhine, T. Hong, C. Bucci, A. Solodkin, and Z. Hmama Mycobacterium bovis BCG disrupts the interaction of Rab7 with RILP contributing to inhibition of phagosome maturation J. Leukoc. Biol., December 1, 2007; 82(6): 1437 - 1445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. B. Sow, W. C. Florence, A. R. Satoskar, L. S. Schlesinger, B. S. Zwilling, and W. P. Lafuse Expression and localization of hepcidin in macrophages: a role in host defense against tuberculosis J. Leukoc. Biol., October 1, 2007; 82(4): 934 - 945. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. K. Huynh and S. Grinstein Regulation of Vacuolar pH and Its Modulation by Some Microbial Species Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., September 1, 2007; 71(3): 452 - 462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A.-E. Deghmane, H. Soualhine, H. Bach, K. Sendide, S. Itoh, A. Tam, S. Noubir, A. Talal, R. Lo, S. Toyoshima, et al. Lipoamide dehydrogenase mediates retention of coronin-1 on BCG vacuoles, leading to arrest in phagosome maturation J. Cell Sci., August 15, 2007; 120(16): 2796 - 2806. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. P. Williams, J.-H. Lee, W. R. Bishai, C. Colantuoni, and P. C. Karakousis Mycobacterium tuberculosis SigF Regulates Genes Encoding Cell Wall-Associated Proteins and Directly Regulates the Transcriptional Regulatory Gene phoY1 J. Bacteriol., June 1, 2007; 189(11): 4234 - 4242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Pompei, S. Jang, B. Zamlynny, S. Ravikumar, A. McBride, S. P. Hickman, and P. Salgame Disparity in IL-12 Release in Dendritic Cells and Macrophages in Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Due to Use of Distinct TLRs J. Immunol., April 15, 2007; 178(8): 5192 - 5199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Alonso, K. Pethe, D. G. Russell, and G. E. Purdy Lysosomal killing of Mycobacterium mediated by ubiquitin-derived peptides is enhanced by autophagy PNAS, April 3, 2007; 104(14): 6031 - 6036. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Bandyopadhyay, S. Liu, C. B. Gabbai, Z. Venitelli, and H. M. Steinman Environmental Mimics and the Lvh Type IVA Secretion System Contribute to Virulence-Related Phenotypes of Legionella pneumophila Infect. Immun., February 1, 2007; 75(2): 723 - 735. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. R. Singh, R. A. Moulton, L. Y. Armitige, A. Bidani, M. Snuggs, S. Dhandayuthapani, R. L. Hunter, and C. Jagannath Processing and Presentation of a Mycobacterial Antigen 85B Epitope by Murine Macrophages Is Dependent on the Phagosomal Acquisition of Vacuolar Proton ATPase and In Situ Activation of Cathepsin D. J. Immunol., September 1, 2006; 177(5): 3250 - 3259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Appelberg Macrophage nutriprive antimicrobial mechanisms J. Leukoc. Biol., June 1, 2006; 79(6): 1117 - 1128. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Torres, L. Ramachandra, R. E. Rojas, K. Bobadilla, J. Thomas, D. H. Canaday, C. V. Harding, and W. H. Boom Role of Phagosomes and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II (MHC-II) Compartment in MHC-II Antigen Processing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Human Macrophages Infect. Immun., March 1, 2006; 74(3): 1621 - 1630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Cayabyab, A.-H. Hovav, T. Hsu, G. R. Krivulka, M. A. Lifton, D. A. Gorgone, G. J. Fennelly, B. F. Haynes, W. R. Jacobs Jr., and N. L. Letvin Generation of CD8+ T-Cell Responses by a Recombinant Nonpathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis Vaccine Vector Expressing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Env J. Virol., February 15, 2006; 80(4): 1645 - 1652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Toyooka, S. Takai, and T. Kirikae Rhodococcus equi can survive a phagolysosomal environment in macrophages by suppressing acidification of the phagolysosome J. Med. Microbiol., November 1, 2005; 54(11): 1007 - 1015. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Gordon, D. L. Jack, D. H. Dockrell, M. E. Lee, and R. C. Read Gamma Interferon Enhances Internalization and Early Nonoxidative Killing of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium by Human Macrophages and Modifies Cytokine Responses Infect. Immun., June 1, 2005; 73(6): 3445 - 3452. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Hostetter, E. Huffman, K. Byl, and E. Steadham Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Immunoreactivity in the Granulomatous Intestinal Lesions of Naturally Occurring Bovine Johne's Disease Vet. Pathol., May 1, 2005; 42(3): 241 - 249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. J. Cheadle, D. O'Donnell, P. J. Selby, and A. M. Jackson Closely Related Mycobacterial Strains Demonstrate Contrasting Levels of Efficacy as Antitumor Vaccines and Are Processed for Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Presentation by Multiple Routes in Dendritic Cells Infect. Immun., February 1, 2005; 73(2): 784 - 794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Ramachandra, J. L. Smialek, S. S. Shank, M. Convery, W. H. Boom, and C. V. Harding Phagosomal Processing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigen 85B Is Modulated Independently of Mycobacterial Viability and Phagosome Maturation Infect. Immun., February 1, 2005; 73(2): 1097 - 1105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Pethe, D. L. Swenson, S. Alonso, J. Anderson, C. Wang, and D. G. Russell Isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants defective in the arrest of phagosome maturation PNAS, September 14, 2004; 101(37): 13642 - 13647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Blander and R. Medzhitov Regulation of Phagosome Maturation by Signals from Toll-Like Receptors Science, May 14, 2004; 304(5673): 1014 - 1018. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. H. Miller, R. A. Fratti, J. F. Poschet, G. S. Timmins, S. S. Master, M. Burgos, M. A. Marletta, and V. Deretic Mycobacteria Inhibit Nitric Oxide Synthase Recruitment to Phagosomes during Macrophage Infection Infect. Immun., May 1, 2004; 72(5): 2872 - 2878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Hmama, K. Sendide, A. Talal, R. Garcia, K. Dobos, and N. E. Reiner Quantitative analysis of phagolysosome fusion in intact cells: inhibition by mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan and rescue by an 1{alpha},25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway J. Cell Sci., April 15, 2004; 117(10): 2131 - 2140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. C. Mwandumba, D. G. Russell, M. H. Nyirenda, J. Anderson, S. A. White, M. E. Molyneux, and S. B. Squire Mycobacterium tuberculosis Resides in Nonacidified Vacuoles in Endocytically Competent Alveolar Macrophages from Patients with Tuberculosis and HIV Infection J. Immunol., April 1, 2004; 172(7): 4592 - 4598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Vergne, R. A. Fratti, P. J. Hill, J. Chua, J. Belisle, and V. Deretic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Phagosome Maturation Arrest: Mycobacterial Phosphatidylinositol Analog Phosphatidylinositol Mannoside Stimulates Early Endosomal Fusion Mol. Biol. Cell, February 1, 2004; 15(2): 751 - 760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Fratti, J. Chua, and V. Deretic Induction of p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Reduces Early Endosome Autoantigen 1 (EEA1) Recruitment to Phagosomal Membranes J. Biol. Chem., November 21, 2003; 278(47): 46961 - 46967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P.-J. Cardona, S. Gordillo, J. Diaz, G. Tapia, I. Amat, A. Pallares, C. Vilaplana, A. Ariza, and V. Ausina Widespread Bronchogenic Dissemination Makes DBA/2 Mice More Susceptible than C57BL/6 Mice to Experimental Aerosol Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infect. Immun., October 1, 2003; 71(10): 5845 - 5854. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Townsend, H. A. Pollack, I. Gonzalez-Gomez, H. Shimada, and J. L. Badger Citrobacter koseri Brain Abscess in the Neonatal Rat: Survival and Replication within Human and Rat Macrophages Infect. Immun., October 1, 2003; 71(10): 5871 - 5880. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Indrigo, R. L. Hunter Jr, and J. K. Actor Cord factor trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM) mediates trafficking events during mycobacterial infection of murine macrophages Microbiology, August 1, 2003; 149(8): 2049 - 2059. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Ibrahim-Granet, B. Philippe, H. Boleti, E. Boisvieux-Ulrich, D. Grenet, M. Stern, and J. P. Latge Phagocytosis and Intracellular Fate of Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia in Alveolar Macrophages Infect. Immun., February 1, 2003; 71(2): 891 - 903. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Ghigo, C. Capo, C.-H. Tung, D. Raoult, J.-P. Gorvel, and J.-L. Mege Coxiellaburnetii Survival in THP-1 Monocytes Involves the Impairment of Phagosome Maturation: IFN-{gamma} Mediates its Restoration and Bacterial Killing J. Immunol., October 15, 2002; 169(8): 4488 - 4495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. R. M. da Silva, J. R. de Freitas, Q. C. Silva, C. P. Figueira, E. Roxo, S. C. Leao, L. A. R. de Freitas, and P. S. T. Veras Virulent Mycobacterium fortuitum Restricts NO Production by a Gamma Interferon-Activated J774 Cell Line and Phagosome-Lysosome Fusion Infect. Immun., October 1, 2002; 70(10): 5628 - 5634. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Mukherjee, S. Parashuraman, G. Krishnamurthy, J. Majumdar, A. Yadav, R. Kumar, S. K. Basu, and A. Mukhopadhyay Diverting intracellular trafficking of Salmonella to the lysosome through activation of the late endocytic Rab7 by intracellular delivery of muramyl dipeptide J. Cell Sci., September 15, 2002; 115(18): 3693 - 3701. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. B Young and G. R Stewart Tuberculosis vaccines Br. Med. Bull., July 1, 2002; 62(1): 73 - 86. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Fratti, J. Chua, and V. Deretic Cellubrevin Alterations and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Phagosome Maturation Arrest J. Biol. Chem., May 3, 2002; 277(19): 17320 - 17326. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Lang, R. L. Rutschman, D. R. Greaves, and P. J. Murray Autocrine Deactivation of Macrophages in Transgenic Mice Constitutively Overexpressing IL-10 Under Control of the Human CD68 Promoter J. Immunol., April 1, 2002; 168(7): 3402 - 3411. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Bouley, N. Ghori, K. L. Mercer, S. Falkow, and L. Ramakrishnan Dynamic Nature of Host-Pathogen Interactions in Mycobacterium marinum Granulomas Infect. Immun., December 1, 2001; 69(12): 7820 - 7831. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Ramachandra, E. Noss, W. H. Boom, and C. V. Harding Processing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigen 85B Involves Intraphagosomal Formation of Peptide-Major Histocompatibility Complex II Complexes and Is Inhibited by Live Bacilli that Decrease Phagosome Maturation J. Exp. Med., November 12, 2001; 194(10): 1421 - 1432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. C. Zahrt and V. Deretic Mycobacterium tuberculosis signal transduction system required for persistent infections PNAS, October 23, 2001; 98(22): 12706 - 12711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Springer, S. Master, P. Sander, T. Zahrt, M. McFalone, J. Song, K. G. Papavinasasundaram, M. J. Colston, E. Boettger, and V. Deretic Silencing of Oxidative Stress Response in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Expression Patterns of ahpC in Virulent and Avirulent Strains and Effect of ahpC Inactivation Infect. Immun., October 1, 2001; 69(10): 5967 - 5973. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Kusner and J. A. Barton ATP Stimulates Human Macrophages to Kill Intracellular Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Via Calcium-Dependent Phagosome-Lysosome Fusion J. Immunol., September 15, 2001; 167(6): 3308 - 3315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. A. Fratti, J. M. Backer, J. Gruenberg, S. Corvera, and V. Deretic Role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Rab5 effectors in phagosomal biogenesis and mycobacterial phagosome maturation arrest J. Cell Biol., August 6, 2001; 154(3): 631 - 644. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L.-G. Bekker, S. Freeman, P. J. Murray, B. Ryffel, and G. Kaplan TNF-{{alpha}} Controls Intracellular Mycobacterial Growth by Both Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase-Dependent and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase-Independent Pathways J. Immunol., June 1, 2001; 166(11): 6728 - 6734. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Fiebiger, P. Meraner, E. Weber, I-F. Fang, G. Stingl, H. Ploegh, and D. Maurer Cytokines Regulate Proteolysis in Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II-Dependent Antigen Presentation by Dendritic Cells J. Exp. Med., April 16, 2001; 193(8): 881 - 892. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. A. Malik, S. S. Iyer, and D. J. Kusner Mycobacterium tuberculosis Phagosomes Exhibit Altered Calmodulin-Dependent Signal Transduction: Contribution to Inhibition of Phagosome-Lysosome Fusion and Intracellular Survival in Human Macrophages J. Immunol., March 1, 2001; 166(5): 3392 - 3401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Neyrolles, K. Gould, M.-P. Gares, S. Brett, R. Janssen, P. O'Gaora, J.-L. Herrmann, M.-C. Prevost, E. Perret, J. E. R. Thole, et al. Lipoprotein Access to MHC Class I Presentation During Infection of Murine Macrophages with Live Mycobacteria J. Immunol., January 1, 2001; 166(1): 447 - 457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Groger, W. Holnthoner, D. Maurer, S. Lechleitner, K. Wolff, B. B. Mayr, W. Lubitz, and P. Petzelbauer Dermal Microvascular Endothelial Cells Express the 180-kDa Macrophage Mannose Receptor In Situ and In Vitro J. Immunol., November 15, 2000; 165(10): 5428 - 5434. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Chen, R. E. Ruiz, Q. Li, R. F. Silver, and W. R. Bishai Construction and Characterization of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mutant Lacking the Alternate Sigma Factor Gene, sigF Infect. Immun., October 1, 2000; 68(10): 5575 - 5580. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. A. Malik, G. M. Denning, and D. J. Kusner Inhibition of Ca2+ Signaling by Mycobacterium tuberculosisIs Associated with Reduced Phagosome-Lysosome Fusion and Increased Survival within Human Macrophages J. Exp. Med., January 17, 2000; 191(2): 287 - 302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Thieblemont and S. D. Wright Transport of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide to the Golgi Apparatus J. Exp. Med., August 16, 1999; 190(4): 523 - 534. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Gomes, S. Paul, A. L. Moreira, R. Appelberg, M. Rabinovitch, and G. Kaplan Survival of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Acidified Vacuoles of Murine Macrophages Infect. Immun., July 1, 1999; 67(7): 3199 - 3206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. R. Garbe, N. S. Hibler, and V. Deretic Response to Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Induction of the 16-Kilodalton alpha -Crystallin Homolog by Exposure to Nitric Oxide Donors Infect. Immun., January 1, 1999; 67(1): 460 - 465. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Pagán-Ramos, J. Song, M. McFalone, M. H. Mudd, and V. Deretic Oxidative Stress Response and Characterization of the oxyR-ahpC and furA-katG Loci in Mycobacterium marinum J. Bacteriol., September 15, 1998; 180(18): 4856 - 4864. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Prada-Delgado, E. Carrasco-Marin, G. M. Bokoch, and C. Alvarez-Dominguez Interferon-gamma Listericidal Action Is Mediated by Novel Rab5a Functions at the Phagosomal Environment J. Biol. Chem., May 25, 2001; 276(22): 19059 - 19065. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
