spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif
 QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


spacer gif
     Home     Help     Feedback     Subscriptions     Archive     Search     Table of Contents    


This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow References
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Zhurinsky, J.
Right arrow Articles by Ben-Ze'ev, A.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Zhurinsky, J.
Right arrow Articles by Ben-Ze'ev, A.

Journal of Cell Science, Vol 113, Issue 18 3127-3139, Copyright © 2000 by Company of Biologists


JOURNAL ARTICLES

Plakoglobin and beta-catenin: protein interactions, regulation and biological roles

J Zhurinsky, M Shtutman and A Ben-Ze'ev
Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

Beta-catenin can play different roles in the cell, including one as a structural protein at cell-cell adherens junctions and another as a transcriptional activator mediating Wnt signal transduction. Plakoglobin (gamma)-catenin), a close homolog of beta-catenin, shares with beta-catenin common protein partners and can fulfill some of the same functions. The complexing of catenins with various protein partners is regulated by phosphorylation and by intramolecular interactions. The competition between different catenin partners for binding to catenins mediates the cross-talk between cadherin-based adhesion, catenin-dependent transcription and Wnt signaling. Although plakoglobin differs from beta-catenin in its functions and is unable to compensate for defects in Wnt signaling resulting from lack of beta-catenin, recent evidence suggests that plakoglobin plays a unique role in Wnt signaling that is different from that of beta-catenin. The functional difference between catenins is reflected in their differential involvement in embryonic development and cancer progression.


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
IOVSHome page
Y.-T. Zhu, Y. Hayashida, A. Kheirkhah, H. He, S.-Y. Chen, and S. C. G. Tseng
Characterization and Comparison of Intercellular Adherent Junctions Expressed by Human Corneal Endothelial Cells In Vivo and In Vitro
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., September 1, 2008; 49(9): 3879 - 3886.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Pharmacol. Rev.Home page
D. D. Mruk, B. Silvestrini, and C. Y. Cheng
Anchoring Junctions As Drug Targets: Role in Contraceptive Development
Pharmacol. Rev., June 1, 2008; 60(2): 146 - 180.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
C.-H. Kim, H. Neiswender, E. J. Baik, W. C. Xiong, and L. Mei
{beta}-Catenin Interacts with MyoD and Regulates Its Transcription Activity
Mol. Cell. Biol., May 1, 2008; 28(9): 2941 - 2951.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Cell Sci.Home page
S. Goossens, B. Janssens, S. Bonne, R. De Rycke, F. Braet, J. van Hengel, and F. van Roy
A unique and specific interaction between {alpha}T-catenin and plakophilin-2 in the area composita, the mixed-type junctional structure of cardiac intercalated discs
J. Cell Sci., June 15, 2007; 120(12): 2126 - 2136.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
HeartHome page
A A Tsatsopoulou, N I Protonotarios, and W J McKenna
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, a cell adhesion cardiomyopathy: insights into disease pathogenesis from preliminary genotype--phenotype assessment
Heart, December 1, 2006; 92(12): 1720 - 1723.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
P. Kirchhof, L. Fabritz, M. Zwiener, H. Witt, M. Schafers, S. Zellerhoff, M. Paul, T. Athai, K.-H. Hiller, H. A. Baba, et al.
Age- and Training-Dependent Development of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy in Heterozygous Plakoglobin-Deficient Mice
Circulation, October 24, 2006; 114(17): 1799 - 1806.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.Home page
J. Orrington-Myers, X. Gao, P. Kouklis, M. Broman, A. Rahman, S. M. Vogel, and A. B. Malik
Regulation of lung neutrophil recruitment by VE-cadherin
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, October 1, 2006; 291(4): L764 - L771.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Circ. Res.Home page
Z. Yang, N. E. Bowles, S. E. Scherer, M. D. Taylor, D. L. Kearney, S. Ge, V. V. Nadvoretskiy, G. DeFreitas, B. Carabello, L. I. Brandon, et al.
Desmosomal Dysfunction due to Mutations in Desmoplakin Causes Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy
Circ. Res., September 15, 2006; 99(6): 646 - 655.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Eur Heart JHome page
L. Antoniades, A. Tsatsopoulou, A. Anastasakis, P. Syrris, A. Asimaki, D. Panagiotakos, C. Zambartas, C. Stefanadis, W. J. McKenna, and N. Protonotarios
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy caused by deletions in plakophilin-2 and plakoglobin (Naxos disease) in families from Greece and Cyprus: genotype-phenotype relations, diagnostic features and prognosis
Eur. Heart J., September 2, 2006; 27(18): 2208 - 2216.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Eur Heart JHome page
C. Basso, E. Czarnowska, M. D. Barbera, B. Bauce, G. Beffagna, E. K. Wlodarska, K. Pilichou, A. Ramondo, A. Lorenzon, O. Wozniek, et al.
Ultrastructural evidence of intercalated disc remodelling in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: an electron microscopy investigation on endomyocardial biopsies
Eur. Heart J., August 1, 2006; 27(15): 1847 - 1854.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Cancer Res.Home page
A. Koenig, C. Mueller, C. Hasel, G. Adler, and A. Menke
Collagen Type I Induces Disruption of E-Cadherin-Mediated Cell-Cell Contacts and Promotes Proliferation of Pancreatic Carcinoma Cells.
Cancer Res., May 1, 2006; 66(9): 4662 - 4671.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Cell Sci.Home page
M. D. Kottke, E. Delva, and A. P. Kowalczyk
The desmosome: cell science lessons from human diseases.
J. Cell Sci., March 1, 2006; 119(Pt 5): 797 - 806.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Biol. Chem.Home page
I. Raurell, J. Castano, C. Franci, A. G. de Herreros, and M. Dunach
Presenilin-1 Interacts with Plakoglobin and Enhances Plakoglobin-Tcf-4 Association: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE REGULATION OF beta-CATENIN/Tcf-4-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTION
J. Biol. Chem., January 20, 2006; 281(3): 1401 - 1411.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CarcinogenesisHome page
C. H. Park, E. R. Hahm, J. H. Lee, K. C. Jung, H. S. Rhee, and C. H. Yang
Ionomycin downregulates {beta}-catenin/Tcf signaling in colon cancer cell line
Carcinogenesis, November 1, 2005; 26(11): 1929 - 1933.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Biol. Reprod.Home page
N. P.Y. Lee, D. D. Mruk, C.-h. Wong, and C. Y. Cheng
Regulation of Sertoli-Germ Cell Adherens Junction Dynamics in the Testis Via the Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS)/cGMP/Protein Kinase G (PRKG)/{beta}-Catenin (CATNB) Signaling Pathway: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study
Biol Reprod, September 1, 2005; 73(3): 458 - 471.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Cardiovasc ResHome page
J. J. Gard, K. Yamada, K. G. Green, B. C. Eloff, D. S. Rosenbaum, X. Wang, J. Robbins, R. B. Schuessler, K. A. Yamada, and J. E. Saffitz
Remodeling of gap junctions and slow conduction in a mouse model of desmin-related cardiomyopathy
Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2005; 67(3): 539 - 547.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
T. Yin, S. Getsios, R. Caldelari, A. P. Kowalczyk, E. J. Muller, J. C. R. Jones, and K. J. Green
Plakoglobin suppresses keratinocyte motility through both cell-cell adhesion-dependent and -independent mechanisms
PNAS, April 12, 2005; 102(15): 5420 - 5425.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Cancer Res.Home page
G. Bug, H. Gul, K. Schwarz, H. Pfeifer, M. Kampfmann, X. Zheng, T. Beissert, S. Boehrer, D. Hoelzer, O. G. Ottmann, et al.
Valproic Acid Stimulates Proliferation and Self-renewal of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Cancer Res., April 1, 2005; 65(7): 2537 - 2541.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. I. Yook, X.-Y. Li, I. Ota, E. R. Fearon, and S. J. Weiss
Wnt-dependent Regulation of the E-cadherin Repressor Snail
J. Biol. Chem., March 25, 2005; 280(12): 11740 - 11748.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Biol. Chem.Home page
G. Solanas, S. Miravet, D. Casagolda, J. Castano, I. Raurell, A. Corrionero, A. G. de Herreros, and M. Dunach
{beta}-Catenin and Plakoglobin N- and C-tails Determine Ligand Specificity
J. Biol. Chem., November 26, 2004; 279(48): 49849 - 49856.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
Q. Tian, M. C. Feetham, W. A. Tao, X. C. He, L. Li, R. Aebersold, and L. Hood
Proteomic analysis identifies that 14-3-3{zeta} interacts with {beta}-catenin and facilitates its activation by Akt
PNAS, October 26, 2004; 101(43): 15370 - 15375.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
J. Teuliere, M. M. Faraldo, M. Shtutman, W. Birchmeier, J. Huelsken, J. P. Thiery, and M. A. Glukhova
{beta}-Catenin-Dependent and -Independent Effects of {Delta}N-Plakoglobin on Epidermal Growth and Differentiation
Mol. Cell. Biol., October 1, 2004; 24(19): 8649 - 8661.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
JCBHome page
S. Liebner, A. Cattelino, R. Gallini, N. Rudini, M. Iurlaro, S. Piccolo, and E. Dejana
{beta}-Catenin is required for endothelial-mesenchymal transformation during heart cushion development in the mouse
J. Cell Biol., August 2, 2004; 166(3): 359 - 367.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Biol. Reprod.Home page
N. P.Y. Lee and C. Y. Cheng
Adaptors, Junction Dynamics, and Spermatogenesis
Biol Reprod, August 1, 2004; 71(2): 392 - 404.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Physiol. Rev.Home page
G. Bazzoni and E. Dejana
Endothelial Cell-to-Cell Junctions: Molecular Organization and Role in Vascular Homeostasis
Physiol Rev, July 1, 2004; 84(3): 869 - 901.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Hum Reprod UpdateHome page
N. P.Y. Lee and C. Y. Cheng
Ectoplasmic specialization, a testis-specific cell-cell actin-based adherens junction type: is this a potential target for male contraceptive development?
Hum. Reprod. Update, July 1, 2004; 10(4): 349 - 369.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.Home page
S. Iyer, D. M. Ferreri, N. C. DeCocco, F. L. Minnear, and P. A. Vincent
VE-cadherin-p120 interaction is required for maintenance of endothelial barrier function
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, June 1, 2004; 286(6): L1143 - L1153.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
C. Muller-Tidow, B. Steffen, T. Cauvet, L. Tickenbrock, P. Ji, S. Diederichs, B. Sargin, G. Kohler, M. Stelljes, E. Puccetti, et al.
Translocation Products in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Activate the Wnt Signaling Pathway in Hematopoietic Cells
Mol. Cell. Biol., April 1, 2004; 24(7): 2890 - 2904.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
Y. Guan, N. M. Rubenstein, K. L. Failor, P. L. Woo, and G. L. Firestone
Glucocorticoids Control {beta}-Catenin Protein Expression and Localization through Distinct Pathways that Can Be Uncoupled by Disruption of Signaling Events Required for Tight Junction Formation in Rat Mammary Epithelial Tumor Cells
Mol. Endocrinol., January 1, 2004; 18(1): 214 - 227.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
S. Miravet, J. Piedra, J. Castano, I. Raurell, C. Franci, M. Dunach, and A. Garcia de Herreros
Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Plakoglobin Causes Contrary Effects on Its Association with Desmosomes and Adherens Junction Components and Modulates {beta}-Catenin-Mediated Transcription
Mol. Cell. Biol., October 15, 2003; 23(20): 7391 - 7402.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. Hatsell, L. Medina, J. Merola, R. Haltiwanger, and P. Cowin
Plakoglobin Is O-Glycosylated Close to the N-terminal Destruction Box
J. Biol. Chem., September 26, 2003; 278(39): 37745 - 37752.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
JCBHome page
A. Cattelino, S. Liebner, R. Gallini, A. Zanetti, G. Balconi, A. Corsi, P. Bianco, H. Wolburg, R. Moore, B. Oreda, et al.
The conditional inactivation of the {beta}-catenin gene in endothelial cells causes a defective vascular pattern and increased vascular fragility
J. Cell Biol., September 15, 2003; 162(6): 1111 - 1122.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Am. J. Pathol.Home page
J. K. McGuire, Q. Li, and W. C. Parks
Matrilysin (Matrix Metalloproteinase-7) Mediates E-Cadherin Ectodomain Shedding in Injured Lung Epithelium
Am. J. Pathol., June 1, 2003; 162(6): 1831 - 1843.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Physiol. Rev.Home page
M. Mareel and A. Leroy
Clinical, Cellular, and Molecular Aspects of Cancer Invasion
Physiol Rev, April 1, 2003; 83(2): 337 - 376.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Cell Sci.Home page
D. E. Gutstein, F.-y. Liu, M. B. Meyers, A. Choo, and G. I. Fishman
The organization of adherens junctions and desmosomes at the cardiac intercalated disc is independent of gap junctions
J. Cell Sci., March 1, 2003; 116(5): 875 - 885.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Cancer Res.Home page
M. Shtutman, J. Zhurinsky, M. Oren, E. Levina, and A. Ben-Ze'ev
PML Is a Target Gene of {beta}-Catenin and Plakoglobin, and Coactivates {beta}-Catenin-mediated Transcription
Cancer Res., October 15, 2002; 62(20): 5947 - 5954.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
JCBHome page
B. Martin, R. Schneider, S. Janetzky, Z. Waibler, P. Pandur, M. Kuhl, J. Behrens, K. von der Mark, A. Starzinski-Powitz, and V. Wixler
The LIM-only protein FHL2 interacts with {beta}-catenin and promotes differentiation of mouse myoblasts
J. Cell Biol., October 14, 2002; 159(1): 113 - 122.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Infect. Immun.Home page
E. Hintermann, S. K. Haake, U. Christen, A. Sharabi, and V. Quaranta
Discrete Proteolysis of Focal Contact and Adherens Junction Components in Porphyromonas gingivalis-Infected Oral Keratinocytes: a Strategy for Cell Adhesion and Migration Disabling
Infect. Immun., October 1, 2002; 70(10): 5846 - 5856.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Physiol. Rev.Home page
C. Y. Cheng and D. D. Mruk
Cell Junction Dynamics in the Testis: Sertoli-Germ Cell Interactions and Male Contraceptive Development
Physiol Rev, October 1, 2002; 82(4): 825 - 874.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.Home page
K. Venkiteswaran, K. Xiao, S. Summers, C. C. Calkins, P. A. Vincent, K. Pumiglia, and A. P. Kowalczyk
Regulation of endothelial barrier function and growth by VE-cadherin, plakoglobin, and beta -catenin
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, September 1, 2002; 283(3): C811 - C821.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Mol. Biol. CellHome page
J. Nurnberger, R. L. Bacallao, and C. L. Phillips
Inversin Forms a Complex with Catenins and N-Cadherin in Polarized Epithelial Cells
Mol. Biol. Cell, September 1, 2002; 13(9): 3096 - 3106.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Genes Dev.Home page
M. E. Conacci-Sorrell, T. Ben-Yedidia, M. Shtutman, E. Feinstein, P. Einat, and A. Ben-Ze'ev
Nr-CAM is a target gene of the beta -catenin/LEF-1 pathway in melanoma and colon cancer and its expression enhances motility and confers tumorigenesis
Genes & Dev., August 15, 2002; 16(16): 2058 - 2072.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.Home page
S. Gopalakrishnan, K. W. Dunn, and J. A. Marrs
Rac1, but not RhoA, signaling protects epithelial adherens junction assembly during ATP depletion
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, July 1, 2002; 283(1): C261 - C272.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. E. Pawlowski, J. R. Ertel, M. P. Allen, M. Xu, C. Butler, E. M. Wilson, and M. E. Wierman
Liganded Androgen Receptor Interaction with beta -Catenin. NUCLEAR CO-LOCALIZATION AND MODULATION OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY IN NEURONAL CELLS
J. Biol. Chem., May 31, 2002; 277(23): 20702 - 20710.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Biol. Chem.Home page
H. Petropoulos and I. S. Skerjanc
beta -Catenin Is Essential and Sufficient for Skeletal Myogenesis in P19 Cells
J. Biol. Chem., May 3, 2002; 277(18): 15393 - 15399.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Biol. Chem.Home page
X. Chen, S. Bonne, M. Hatzfeld, F. van Roy, and K. J. Green
Protein Binding and Functional Characterization of Plakophilin 2. EVIDENCE FOR ITS DIVERSE ROLES IN DESMOSOMES AND beta -CATENIN SIGNALING
J. Biol. Chem., March 15, 2002; 277(12): 10512 - 10522.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Cell Sci.Home page
E. Sadot, M. Conacci-Sorrell, J. Zhurinsky, D. Shnizer, Z. Lando, D. Zharhary, Z. Kam, A. Ben-Ze'ev, and B. Geiger
Regulation of S33/S37 phosphorylated {beta}-catenin in normal and transformed cells
J. Cell Sci., January 7, 2002; 115(13): 2771 - 2780.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Cancer Res.Home page
R. Wu, Y. Zhai, E. R. Fearon, and K. R. Cho
Diverse Mechanisms of {beta}-Catenin Deregulation in Ovarian Endometrioid Adenocarcinomas
Cancer Res., November 1, 2001; 61(22): 8247 - 8255.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
E. Sadot, B. Geiger, M. Oren, and A. Ben-Ze'ev
Down-Regulation of {beta}-Catenin by Activated p53
Mol. Cell. Biol., October 15, 2001; 21(20): 6768 - 6781.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
JCBHome page
A. Stockinger, A. Eger, J. Wolf, H. Beug, and R. Foisner
E-cadherin regulates cell growth by modulating proliferation-dependent {beta}-catenin transcriptional activity
J. Cell Biol., September 17, 2001; 154(6): 1185 - 1196.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Am. J. Pathol.Home page
R. Amitay, D. Nass, D. Meitar, I. Goldberg, B. Davidson, L. Trakhtenbrot, F. Brok-Simoni, A. Ben-Ze'ev, G. Rechavi, and Y. Kaufmann
Reduced Expression of Plakoglobin Correlates with Adverse Outcome in Patients with Neuroblastoma
Am. J. Pathol., July 1, 2001; 159(1): 43 - 49.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
DevelopmentHome page
F. S. Hamilton, G. N. Wheeler, and S. Hoppler
Difference in XTcf-3 dependency accounts for change in response to {beta}-catenin-mediated Wnt signalling in Xenopus blastula
Development, June 1, 2001; 128(11): 2063 - 2073.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
JCBHome page
R. Caldelari, A. de Bruin, D. Baumann, M. M. Suter, C. Bierkamp, V. Balmer, and E. Muller
A Central Role for the Armadillo Protein Plakoglobin in the Autoimmune Disease Pemphigus Vulgaris
J. Cell Biol., May 14, 2001; 153(4): 823 - 834.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Mol. Biol. CellHome page
I. Simcha, C. Kirkpatrick, E. Sadot, M. Shtutman, G. Polevoy, B. Geiger, M. Peifer, and A. Ben-Ze'ev
Cadherin Sequences That Inhibit {beta}-Catenin Signaling: A Study in Yeast and Mammalian Cells
Mol. Biol. Cell, April 1, 2001; 12(4): 1177 - 1188.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


Home page
J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. Piedra, D. Martinez, J. Castano, S. Miravet, M. Dunach, and A. G. de Herreros
Regulation of beta -Catenin Structure and Activity by Tyrosine Phosphorylation
J. Biol. Chem., June 1, 2001; 276(23): 20436 - 20443.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. Miravet, J. Piedra, F. Miro, E. Itarte, A. Garcia de Herreros, and M. Dunach
The Transcriptional Factor Tcf-4 Contains Different Binding Sites for beta -Catenin and Plakoglobin
J. Biol. Chem., January 11, 2002; 277(3): 1884 - 1891.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]




© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2000