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Research Article |
1 Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 777 Preston
Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
2 Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 777
Preston Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
3 Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 777
Preston Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
* Author for correspondence (e-mail: carlos.arteaga{at}mcmail.vanderbilt.edu )
Accepted 23 April 2002
Transforming growth factor ß (TGFß) contributes to tumor
progression by inducing an epithelial to mesenchymal transdifferentiation
(EMT) and cell migration. We found that TGFß-induced EMT was blocked by
inhibiting activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) with H-7,
a protein kinase C inhibitor, and with SB202190, a direct inhibitor of
p38MAPK. Inhibition of the p38MAPK pathway affected TGFß-mediated
phosphorylation of ATF2, but did not inhibit phosphorylation of Smad2.
SB202190 impaired TGFß-mediated changes in cell shape and reorganization
of the actin cytoskeleton. Forced expression of dominant-negative (DN) MAPK
kinase 3 (MKK3) inhibited TGFß-mediated activation of p38MAPK and EMT.
Expression of DN-p38
impaired TGFß-induced EMT. Inhibition of
p38MAPK blocked TGFß-induced migration of non-tumor and tumor mammary
epithelial cells. TGFß induced activation of the p38MAPK pathway within
15 minutes. Expression of TGFß type II (TßRII) and type I
(TßRI/Alk5) kinase-inactive receptors blocked EMT and activation of
p38MAPK, whereas expression of constitutively active Alk5-T204D resulted in
EMT and phosphorylation of MKK3/6 and p38MAPK. Finally, dominant-negative
Rac1N17 blocked TGFß-induced activation of the p38MAPK pathway and EMT,
suggesting that Rac1 mediates activation of the p38MAPK pathway. These studies
suggest that the p38MAPK pathway is required for TGFß-mediated EMT and
cell migration.
Key words: p38MAPK, TGFß, Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, Cell migration, Rac1
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