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First published online 1 April 2003
doi: 10.1242/jcs.00417

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Macroscopic cartilage formation with embryonic stem-cell-derived mesodermal progenitor cells

¹ Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
² Department of Pathology, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
³ Department of Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA

^* Author for correspondence (e-mail: naoki.nakayama{at}amgen.com)

Accepted 7 February 2003

The totipotent embryonic stem cell generates various mesodermal cells when stimulated with BMP4. Among the resulting cells, those expressing flk-1 and/or PDGFR displayed chondrogenic activity in the presence of TGFß3 and expressed cartilage-specific genes in 7 to 16 day pellet cultures. Depositions of cartilage matrix and type II collagen were detected by day 14. TGFß-stimulated chondrogenesis was synergistically enhanced by PDGF-BB, resulting in a larger cartilage particle filled with a cartilaginous area containing type II collagen, with a surface cell layer expressing type I collagen. In contrast, noggin inhibited both the TGFß- and TGFß+PDGF-stimulated cartilage formation, suggesting that a BMP-dependent pathway is involved. In fact, replacement of TGFß3 with BMP4 on days 10 to 12 markedly elevated the cartilage matrix deposition during the following 7 to 8 days. Moreover, culture with TGFß3 and PDGF-BB, followed by the incubation with BMP4 alone, resulted in a cartilage particle lacking type I collagen in the matrix and the surface layer, which suggests hyaline cartilage formation. Furthermore, such hyaline cartilage particles were mineralized. These studies indicate that the PDGFR⁺ and/or flk-1⁺ cells derived from embryonic stem cells possess the full developmental potential toward chondrocytes, in common with embryonic mesenchymal cells.

Key words: Embryonic stem cells, Cartilage, BMP, TGFß, PDGF

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