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First published online 6 May 2003
doi: 10.1242/jcs.00461

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NF-B signalling is inhibited by glucocorticoid receptor and STAT6 via distinct mechanisms

¹ Biosciences Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
² Department of Medicine, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
³ Lead Generation, Molecular Biology, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough LE11 5RH, UK

^* Author for correspondence (e-mail: mwhite{at}liv.ac.uk)

Accepted 6 March 2003

NF-B transcription factors are involved in the cellular response to stress, and are regulated by inhibitor (IB) proteins, which prevent NF-B-mediated transcription by maintaining NF-B in the cytoplasm. Proteins from other pathways are also known to regulate NF-B negatively, notably the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and IL-4-responsive STAT6. Both pathways were shown to inhibit NF-B-mediated transcription, by expressing either STAT6 or GR and activating the respective pathways. Using fluorescent fusion proteins, we show that GR alters the timing of activated p65 NF-B nuclear occupancy by increasing the export rate of p65 and is independent of whether GR is present as a dimer or monomer. Expression of STAT6 was also shown to alter p65 nuclear occupancy but appeared to affect the import rate and hence the overall maximal level of p65 translocation. Activating STAT6 with IL-4 prior to activating NF-B significantly increased this inhibition. Investigation of IBa showed that activated STAT6 inhibited TNF-mediated IBa phosphorylation and degradation, whereas GR activation did not alter IBkinetics. This demonstrates a clear separation of two distinct mechanisms of inhibition by STAT6 and GR upon the NF-B pathway.

Key words: NF-B, STAT6, Glucocorticoid receptor, Signal transduction, Fluorescent protein fusions, Confocal microscopy

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