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doi: 10.1242/10.1242/jcs.00623
Commentary |
Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
* Author for correspondence (e-mail: r.kypta{at}ic.ac.uk)
The extracellular antagonists of the Wnt signalling pathway can be divided into two broad classes. Both classes of molecule prevent ligand-receptor interactions, but by different mechanisms: members of the first class, which include the sFRP (secreted Frizzled-related protein) family, WIF (Wnt inhibitory factor)-1 and Cerberus, primarily bind to Wnt proteins; the second class comprises certain members of the Dickkopf (Dkk) family, which bind to one subunit of the Wnt receptor complex. In addition, there are other protein interactions that contribute to Wnt antagonist function. Moreover, certain sFRPs and Dkks do not antagonise Wnt function, which suggests that these families have as-yet-undiscovered functions.
Key words: Wnt, Dickkopf, Frizzled, Cerberus
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G. Peng and M. Westerfield Lhx5 promotes forebrain development and activates transcription of secreted Wnt antagonists Development, August 15, 2006; 133(16): 3191 - 3200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Christodoulides, M. Laudes, W. P. Cawthorn, S. Schinner, M. Soos, S. O'Rahilly, J. K. Sethi, and A. Vidal-Puig The Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-1 and its receptors are coordinately regulated during early human adipogenesis J. Cell Sci., June 15, 2006; 119(12): 2613 - 2620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. C. Wade, S. H. Guttentag, L. W. Gonzales, K. L. Maschhoff, J. Gonzales, V. Kolla, S. Singhal, and P. L. Ballard Gene Induction during Differentiation of Human Pulmonary Type II Cells In Vitro Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., June 1, 2006; 34(6): 727 - 737. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-S. Nam, T. J. Turcotte, P. F. Smith, S. Choi, and J. K. Yoon Mouse Cristin/R-spondin Family Proteins Are Novel Ligands for the Frizzled 8 and LRP6 Receptors and Activate beta-Catenin-dependent Gene Expression J. Biol. Chem., May 12, 2006; 281(19): 13247 - 13257. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Gustafson and U. Smith Cytokines Promote Wnt Signaling and Inflammation and Impair the Normal Differentiation and Lipid Accumulation in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes J. Biol. Chem., April 7, 2006; 281(14): 9507 - 9516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C.H. Li and S. Amar Role of Secreted Frizzled-related Protein 1 (SFRP1) in Wound Healing Journal of Dental Research, April 1, 2006; 85(4): 374 - 378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Pollheimer, T. Loregger, S. Sonderegger, L. Saleh, S. Bauer, M. Bilban, K. Czerwenka, P. Husslein, and M. Knofler Activation of the Canonical Wingless/T-Cell Factor Signaling Pathway Promotes Invasive Differentiation of Human Trophoblast Am. J. Pathol., April 1, 2006; 168(4): 1134 - 1147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Urakami, H. Shiina, H. Enokida, T. Kawakami, K. Kawamoto, H. Hirata, Y. Tanaka, N. Kikuno, M. Nakagawa, M. Igawa, et al. Combination analysis of hypermethylated Wnt-antagonist family genes as a novel epigenetic biomarker panel for bladder cancer detection. Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2006; 12(7 Pt 1): 2109 - 2116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. Hayashi and T. E. Spencer WNT Pathways in the Neonatal Ovine Uterus: Potential Specification of Endometrial Gland Morphogenesis by SFRP2 Biol Reprod, April 1, 2006; 74(4): 721 - 733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Satoh, T. Gotoh, Y. Tsunematsu, S. Aizawa, and A. Shimono Sfrp1 and Sfrp2 regulate anteroposterior axis elongation and somite segmentation during mouse embryogenesis Development, March 15, 2006; 133(6): 989 - 999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. M. Cadigan and Y. I. Liu Wnt signaling: complexity at the surface J. Cell Sci., February 1, 2006; 119(3): 395 - 402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Urakami, H. Shiina, H. Enokida, T. Kawakami, T. Tokizane, T. Ogishima, Y. Tanaka, L.-C. Li, L. A. Ribeiro-Filho, M. Terashima, et al. Epigenetic Inactivation of Wnt Inhibitory Factor-1 Plays an Important Role in Bladder Cancer through Aberrant Canonical Wnt/{beta}-Catenin Signaling Pathway Clin. Cancer Res., January 15, 2006; 12(2): 383 - 391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Singh, J. N. Artaza, W. E. Taylor, M. Braga, X. Yuan, N. F. Gonzalez-Cadavid, and S. Bhasin Testosterone Inhibits Adipogenic Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells: Nuclear Translocation of Androgen Receptor Complex with {beta}-Catenin and T-Cell Factor 4 May Bypass Canonical Wnt Signaling to Down-Regulate Adipogenic Transcription Factors Endocrinology, January 1, 2006; 147(1): 141 - 154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. S. Moreno, C.-O. Evans, X. Zhan, M. Okor, D. M. Desiderio, and N. M. Oyesiku Novel Molecular Signaling and Classification of Human Clinically Nonfunctional Pituitary Adenomas Identified by Gene Expression Profiling and Proteomic Analyses Cancer Res., November 15, 2005; 65(22): 10214 - 10222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Zi, Y. Guo, A. R. Simoneau, C. Hope, J. Xie, R. F. Holcombe, and B. H. Hoang Expression of Frzb/Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 3, a Secreted Wnt Antagonist, in Human Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer PC-3 Cells Suppresses Tumor Growth and Cellular Invasiveness Cancer Res., November 1, 2005; 65(21): 9762 - 9770. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Oshima, M. Abe, J. Asano, T. Hara, K. Kitazoe, E. Sekimoto, Y. Tanaka, H. Shibata, T. Hashimoto, S. Ozaki, et al. Myeloma cells suppress bone formation by secreting a soluble Wnt inhibitor, sFRP-2 Blood, November 1, 2005; 106(9): 3160 - 3165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Gaur, C. J. Lengner, H. Hovhannisyan, R. A. Bhat, P. V. N. Bodine, B. S. Komm, A. Javed, A. J. van Wijnen, J. L. Stein, G. S. Stein, et al. Canonical WNT Signaling Promotes Osteogenesis by Directly Stimulating Runx2 Gene Expression J. Biol. Chem., September 30, 2005; 280(39): 33132 - 33140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Kumar, A. Leontovich, M. J. Coenen, and R. S. Bahn Gene Expression Profiling of Orbital Adipose Tissue from Patients with Graves' Ophthalmopathy: A Potential Role for Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein-1 in Orbital Adipogenesis J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2005; 90(8): 4730 - 4735. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. H. Sundin, G. S. Leppert, E. D. Silva, J.-M. Yang, S. Dharmaraj, I. H. Maumenee, L. C. Santos, C. F. Parsa, E. I. Traboulsi, K. W. Broman, et al. Extreme hyperopia is the result of null mutations in MFRP, which encodes a Frizzled-related protein PNAS, July 5, 2005; 102(27): 9553 - 9558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Kalajzic, A. Staal, W.-P. Yang, Y. Wu, S. E. Johnson, J. H. M. Feyen, W. Krueger, P. Maye, F. Yu, Y. Zhao, et al. Expression Profile of Osteoblast Lineage at Defined Stages of Differentiation J. Biol. Chem., July 1, 2005; 280(26): 24618 - 24626. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. A. Mohamed, M. Jonnaert, C. Labelle-Dumais, K. Kuroda, H. J. Clarke, and D. Dufort From The Cover: Uterine Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling is required for implantation PNAS, June 14, 2005; 102(24): 8579 - 8584. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Tamamura, T. Otani, N. Kanatani, E. Koyama, J. Kitagaki, T. Komori, Y. Yamada, F. Costantini, S. Wakisaka, M. Pacifici, et al. Developmental Regulation of Wnt/{beta}-Catenin Signals Is Required for Growth Plate Assembly, Cartilage Integrity, and Endochondral Ossification J. Biol. Chem., May 13, 2005; 280(19): 19185 - 19195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T Byun, M Karimi, J L Marsh, T Milovanovic, F Lin, and R F Holcombe Expression of secreted Wnt antagonists in gastrointestinal tissues: potential role in stem cell homeostasis J. Clin. Pathol., May 1, 2005; 58(5): 515 - 519. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Gregorieff and H. Clevers Wnt signaling in the intestinal epithelium: from endoderm to cancer Genes & Dev., April 15, 2005; 19(8): 877 - 890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Cappuccio, A. Calderone, C. L. Busceti, F. Biagioni, F. Pontarelli, V. Bruno, M. Storto, G. T. Terstappen, G. Gaviraghi, F. Fornai, et al. Induction of Dickkopf-1, a Negative Modulator of the Wnt Pathway, Is Required for the Development of Ischemic Neuronal Death J. Neurosci., March 9, 2005; 25(10): 2647 - 2657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Aaronson Growth Factor and Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Sci. Signal., February 22, 2005; 2005(272): tr6 - tr6. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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