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First published online April 16, 2004
doi: 10.1242/10.1242/jcs.01171
Commentary |
Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
* Author for correspondence (e-mail: dmorrison{at}ncifcrf.gov)
One of the most striking `rags to riches' stories in the protein world is that of 14-3-3, originally identified in 1967 as merely an abundant brain protein. The first clues that 14-3-3 would play an important role in cell biology came almost 25 years later when it was found to interact with various proto-oncogene proteins and signaling proteins. The subsequent identification of 14-3-3 as a phosphoserine/phosphothreonine-binding protein firmly established its importance in cell signaling. 14-3-3 family members are found in all eukaryotes – from plants to mammals – and more than 100 binding partners have been identified to date. The targets of 14-3-3 are found in all subcellular compartments and their functional diversity is overwhelming – they include transcription factors, biosynthetic enzymes, cytoskeletal proteins, signaling molecules, apoptosis factors and tumor suppressors. 14-3-3 binding can alter the localization, stability, phosphorylation state, activity and/or molecular interactions of a target protein. Recent studies now indicate that the serine/threonine protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A are important regulators of 14-3-3 binding interactions, and demonstrate a role for 14-3-3 in controlling the translocation of certain proteins from the cytoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane. New reports also link 14-3-3 to several neoplastic and neurological disorders, where it might contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of these diseases.
Key words: 14-3-3, Phosphoserine, Signal transduction, Cancer, Neurodegenerative disorders
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