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First published online May 4, 2004
doi: 10.1242/10.1242/jcs.01097
Research Article |
1 Department of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
2 The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
3 Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
Author for correspondence (e-mail: j.erusalimsky{at}ucl.ac.uk)
Accepted 9 January 2004
Replicative senescence and oxidative stress have been implicated in ageing, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Replicative senescence is determined primarily by telomere integrity. In endothelial cells the glutathione redox-cycle plays a predominant role in the detoxification of peroxides. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of the glutathione-dependent antioxidant system on the replicative capacity and telomere dynamics of cultured endothelial cells. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were serially passaged while exposed to regular treatment with 0.1 µM tert-butyl hydroperoxide, a substrate of glutathione peroxidase, or 10 µM L-buthionine-[S,R]-sulphoximine, an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis. Both treatments induced intracellular oxidative stress but had no cytotoxic or cytostatic effects. Nonetheless, treated cultures entered senescence prematurely (30 versus 46 population doublings), as determined by senescence-associated ß-galactosidase staining and a sharp decrease in cell density at confluence. In cultures subjected to oxidative stress terminal restriction fragment (TRF) analysis demonstrated faster telomere shortening (110 versus 55 bp/population doubling) and the appearance of distinct, long TRFs after more than 15-20 population doublings. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis of metaphase spreads confirmed the presence of increased telomere length heterogeneity, and ruled out telomeric end-to-end fusions as the source of the long TRFs. The latter was also confirmed by Bal31 digestion of genomic DNA. Similarly, upregulation of telomerase could not account for the appearance of long TRFs, as oxidative stress induced a rapid and sustained decrease in this activity. These findings demonstrate a key role for glutathione-dependent redox homeostasis in the preservation of telomere function in endothelial cells and suggest that loss of telomere integrity is a major trigger for the onset of premature senescence under mild chronic oxidative stress.
Key words: Ageing, Endothelium, Oxidative stress, Glutathione, Telomere, Telomerase
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