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First published online 25 August 2004
doi: 10.1242/jcs.01357
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Research Article |
1 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 220 South 33rd Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6393, USA
2 Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2105, USA
* Author for correspondence (e-mail: discher{at}seas.upenn.edu)
Accepted 14 June 2004
Mechanical properties of the nuclear envelope have implications for cell and nuclear architecture as well as gene regulation. Using isolated Xenopus oocyte nuclei, we have established swelling conditions that separate the intact nuclear envelope (membranes, pore complexes and underlying lamin filament network) from nucleoplasm and the majority of chromatin. Swelling proves reversible with addition of high molecular mass dextrans. Micropipette aspiration of swollen and unswollen nuclear envelopes is also reversible and yields a network elastic modulus, unaffected by nucleoplasm, that averages 25 mN/m. Compared to plasma membranes of cells, the nuclear envelope is much stiffer and more resilient. Our results suggest that the nuclear lamina forms a compressed network shell of interconnected rods that is extensible but limited in compressibility from the native state, thus acting as a `molecular shock absorber'. In light of the conservation of B-type lamins in metazoan evolution, the mechanical properties determined in this investigation suggest physical mechanisms by which mutated lamins can either destabilize nuclear architecture or influence nuclear responses to mechanical signals in Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, cardiomyopathy, progeria syndromes (premature `aging') and other laminopathies.
Key words: Nuclear envelope, Nuclear lamina, Membranes, Biomechanics/elasticity, Cell nucleus structures
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