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First published online February 12, 2004
doi: 10.1242/10.1242/jcs.01055
Commentary |
1 Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
2 Department of Membrane Enzymology, Centre for Biomembranes and Lipid Enzymology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
* Author for correspondence (e-mail: thomas.pomorski{at}rz.hu-berlin.de)
The various organellar membranes of eukaryotic cells display striking differences in the composition, leaflet distribution and transbilayer movement of their lipids. In membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum, phospholipids can move readily across the bilayer, aided by membrane proteins that facilitate a passive equilibration of lipids between both membrane halves. In the plasma membrane, and probably also in the late Golgi and endosomal compartments, flip-flop of phospholipids is constrained and subject to a dynamic, ATP-dependent regulation that involves members of distinct protein families. Recent studies in yeast, parasites such as Leishmania, and mammalian cells have identified several candidates for lipid flippases, and whereas some of these serve a fundamental role in the release of lipids from cells, others appear to have unexpected and important functions in vesicular traffic: their activities are required to support vesicle formation in the secretory and endocytic pathways.
Key words: Lipid flippase, ABC transporter, P-type ATPase, Vesicle budding, Membrane dynamics
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