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First published online 27 September 2005
doi: 10.1242/jcs.02605

Journal of Cell Science 118, 4731-4739 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
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Research Article

Interstitial fluid flow induces myofibroblast differentiation and collagen alignment in vitro

Chee Ping Ng1, Boris Hinz2 and Melody A. Swartz1,3,*

1 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, 633 Clark Street, Chicago, IL 60208, USA
2 Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
3 Integrative Biosciences Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

* Author for correspondence (e-mail: melody.swartz{at}epfl.ch)

Accepted 1 August 2005

The differentiation of fibroblasts to contractile myofibroblasts, which is characterized by de novo expression of {alpha}-smooth muscle actin ({alpha}-SMA), is crucial for wound healing and a hallmark of tissue scarring and fibrosis. These processes often follow inflammatory events, particularly in soft tissues such as skin, lung and liver. Although inflammatory cells and damaged epithelium can release transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1), which largely mediates myofibroblast differentiation, the biophysical environment of inflammation and tissue regeneration, namely increased interstitial flow owing to vessel hyperpermeability and/or angiogenesis, may also play a role. We demonstrate that low levels of interstitial (3D) flow induce fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation as well as collagen alignment and fibroblast proliferation, all in the absence of exogenous mediators. These effects were associated with TGF-ß1 induction, and could be eliminated with TGF-ß1 blocking antibodies. Furthermore, {alpha}1ß1 integrin was seen to play an important role in the specific response to flow, as its inhibition prevented fibroblast differentiation and subsequent collagen alignment but did not block their ability to contract the gel in a separate floating gel assay. This study suggests that the biophysical environment that often precedes fibrosis, such as swelling, increased microvascular permeability and increased lymphatic drainage – all which involve interstitial fluid flow – may itself play an important role in fibrogenesis.

Key words: Fibrosis, {alpha}-Smooth muscle actin, Transforming growth factor ß, ß1 Integrin, Shear stress


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