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First published online 12 September 2006
doi: 10.1242/jcs.03161

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Estrogen-receptor- exchange and chromatin dynamics are ligand- and domain-dependent

Z. Dave Sharp^1,*, Maureen G. Mancini^2,*, Cruz A. Hinojos^2,*, Fangyan Dai², Valeria Berno², Adam T. Szafran², Kelly P. Smith³, Tanmay T. Lele⁴, Donald E. Ingber⁴ and Michael A. Mancini^2,

¹ Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Instititue of Biotechnology, San Antonio, TX, USA
² Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
³ Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
⁴ Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Author for correspondence (e-mail: mancini{at}bcm.tmc.edu)

Accepted 5 July 2006

We report a mammalian-based promoter chromosomal array system developed for single-cell studies of transcription-factor function. Designed after the prolactin promoter-enhancer, it allows for the direct visualization of estrogen receptor (ER) and/or Pit-1 interactions at a physiologically regulated transcription locus. ER- and ligand-dependent cofactor recruitment, large-scale chromatin modifications and transcriptional activity identified a distinct fingerprint of responses for each condition. Ligand-dependent transcription (more than threefold activation compared with vehicle, or complete repression by mRNA fluorescent in situ hybridization) at the array correlated with its state of condensation, which was assayed using a novel high throughput microscopy approach. In support of the nuclear receptor hit-and-run model, photobleaching studies provided direct evidence of very transient ER-array interactions, and revealed ligand-dependent changes in k_off. ER-truncation mutants indicated that helix-12 and interactions with co-regulators influenced both large-scale chromatin modeling and photobleaching recovery times. These data also showed that the ER DNA-binding domain was insufficient for array targeting. Collectively, quantitative observations from this physiologically relevant biosensor suggest stochastic-based dynamics influence gene regulation at the promoter level.

Key words: Nuclear receptor, Prolactin, Chromatin, Co-regulator, Transcription, Photobleaching, Stochastics, Probabilistics

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