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First published online 23 January 2007
doi: 10.1242/jcs.001362

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Targeted alterations in iron homeostasis underlie plant defense responses

Guosheng Liu^1,*, David L. Greenshields^1,*, Ramaswami Sammynaiken², Rozina N. Hirji³, Gopalan Selvaraj³ and Yangdou Wei^1,

¹ Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
² Saskatchewan Structural Sciences Center, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
³ Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada

Author for correspondence (e-mail: yangdou.wei{at}usask.ca)

Accepted 26 November 2006

Iron (Fe) is a ubiquitous redox-active element essential for most life. The formation of localized cell wall appositions, the oxidative burst and the production of pathogenesis-related proteins are hallmarks of plant defense responses. Here, we report that iron is a central mediator linking these three phenomena. We show that in response to pathogen attack, reactive Fe³⁺, but not Fe²⁺, is deposited at cell wall appositions where it accumulates and mediates the oxidative burst. We provide evidence that the bulk secretion of Fe³⁺ provoked by pathogen attack leads to intracellular iron depletion, and that H₂O₂ itself induces ATP-dependent intracellular iron efflux. Finally, we demonstrate that this intracellular iron depletion promotes the transcription of pathogenesis-related genes in concert with H₂O₂. This work identifies iron as an underlying factor associated with the oxidative burst and regulating cereal defenses, and establishes links between disease-related iron homeostasis in plants and animals.

Key words: Iron homeostasis, Reactive oxygen species, Plant defense, Cell wall apposition, Wheat powdery mildew, Prussian Blue staining

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