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First published online July 23, 2008
doi: 10.1242/10.1242/jcs.024943

Journal of Cell Science 121, 2565-2577 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
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Research Article

Enhancement of axonal regeneration by in vitro conditioning and its inhibition by cyclopentenone prostaglandins

David Tonge1,*, Kevin Chan1, Ning Zhu1, Aliza Panjwani1, Mathew Arno2, Steven Lynham3, Malcolm Ward4, Alison Snape1 and John Pizzey1

1 School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
2 Genomics Center, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
3 MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
4 Proteome Sciences plc, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK

* Author for correspondence (e-mail: david.tonge{at}kcl.ac.uk)

Accepted 12 May 2008

Axonal regeneration is enhanced by the prior `conditioning' of peripheral nerve lesions. Here we show that Xenopus dorsal root ganglia (DRG) with attached peripheral nerves (PN-DRG) can be conditioned in vitro, thereafter showing enhanced neurotrophin-induced axonal growth similar to preparations conditioned by axotomy in vivo. Actinomycin D inhibits axonal outgrowth from freshly dissected PN-DRG, but not from conditioned preparations. Synthesis of mRNAs that encode proteins necessary for axonal elongation might therefore occur during the conditioning period, a suggestion that was confirmed by oligonucleotide microarray analysis. Culturing PN-DRG in a compartmentalized system showed that inhibition of protein synthesis (but not RNA synthesis) in the distal nerve impaired the conditioning response, suggesting that changes in gene expression in cultured DRG depend on the synthesis and retrograde transport of protein(s) in peripheral nerves. The culture system was also used to demonstrate retrograde axonal transport of several proteins, including thioredoxin (Trx). Cyclopentenone prostaglandins, which react with Trx, blocked the in vitro conditioning effect, whereas inhibition of other signalling pathways thought to be involved in axonal regeneration did not. This suggests that Trx and/or other targets of these electrophilic prostaglandins regulate axonal regeneration. Consistent with this hypothesis, morpholino-induced suppression of Trx expression in dissociated DRG neurons was associated with reduced neurite outgrowth.

Key words: Axonal regeneration, Axonal transport, Mass spectrometry, Microarray analysis, Neurotrophin, Prostaglandin


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