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Pax3 induces cell aggregation and regulates phenotypic mesenchymal-epithelial interconversion

O'Neil Wiggan1, Marc P. Fadel2 and Paul A. Hamel1,*

1 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8 Canada
2 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8 Canada



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Fig. 7. Ectopic Pax3flag expression induces rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton. Saos-2 cells were infected with either Ad-ßgal control (a-d,i) or Ad-Pax3flag (e-h,j) adenoviruses. Cytoskeleton architecture was assessed at three days postinfection by examination of the distribution of Factin (a-h) and vinculin (i,j) by fluorescence confocal microscopy. Shown are individual optical sections captured below the level of the nucleus (a,e), at the level of the nucleus (b,f) and at the most apical regions (c,g). Projections of optical sections are shown in d and h. Inset in g is a magnified image of the cell indicated by arrowhead. In control infected cells (i), vinculin localizes to focal adhesions. In Ad-Pax3flag-infected cells (j), vinculin localizes to sites of cell-cell contact (arrow), at the tips of filopodia and diffusely throughout the cytoplasm. Bars, 20 µm.

 


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Fig. 1. Ectopic Pax3 expression induces cell aggregation and epithelioid morphologic changes in Saos-2 and Rh30 cells. Saos-2 cells were infected with adenoviruses, which simultaneously encoded GFP, in addition to either ß-galactosidase (Ad-ßgal) or flag-epitope tagged Pax3 (Ad-Pax3flag) as indicated. At two days postinfection, GFP expression in live cells was assessed by fluorescence microscopy (A, upper panels). Phase-contrast images of the same fields are shown in A, lower panels. (B,C) Phase-contrast images of control infected and Ad-Pax3flag-infected Saos-2 cells (B) and Rh30 cells (C) at three days postinfection. Bars, 80 µm.

 


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Fig. 2. Scanning electron microscopic analysis of Pax3-induced morphologic alterations in Saos-2 cells. (A-D) Scanning electron microscopic micrographs of Ad-ßgal control infected (A,B) or Ad-Pax3flag-infected (C,D) Saos-2 cells at three days postinfection. (E,F) Higher magnification views of the dorsal cell surface highlighting the presence of membrane blebbing (arrowheads) in both control (E) and Ad-Pax3flag-infected (F) cells, as well as the presence of cilia (arrow) in Ad-Pax3flag-infected cells.

 


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Fig. 3. Aggregation of Saos-2 cells in response to ectopic Pax3 is Ca2+ dependent. Phase-contrast images of live Saos-2 cells infected with Ad-Pax3flag (A) in the presence of normal Ca2+-containing media and cultured for three days, or (B) 24 hours after switching the media to low Ca2+-containing media. Aggregates of Pax3flag-expressing cells dissociated after switching to low Ca2+-containing media. Bars, 80 µm.

 


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Fig. 4. Ectopic Pax3 expression induces the formation of epithelial cell-cell junctions in Saos-2 cells. Soas-2 cells were infected with either Ad-ßgal control virus (a,d,f,h) or Ad-Pax3flag adenovirus (b,c,e,g,i). The junctional staining of pan-cadherin (d,e), ß-catenin (f,g), {alpha}-catenin (h,i) and cadherin-11 (a-c) were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence confocal microscopy at three days postinfection. Bars, 20 µm.

 


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Fig. 5. Biochemical analysis of the expression and subcellular distribution of cadherins and ß-catenin in response to ectopic Pax3 expression in Saos-2 cells. (A) The turnover rate of ß-catenin protein was assessed by pulse-chase analysis. Control and Ad-Pax3flag-infected cells were pulse labeled at three days postinfection with S35 methionine and chased in the absence of label for the times indicated. Cell extracts were prepared and equivalent amounts were immunoprecipitated with antibodies directed against ß-catenin. (B) The steady-state levels and distribution between the NP-40 soluble (S) and insoluble (I) fractions at three days postinfection of cadherins and ß-catenin was assessed by immunoblot analysis of equivalent amounts of cell extracts of Ad-ßgal- or Ad-Pax3flag-infected cells. Pax3 expression resulted in altered distribution of a pan-cadherin product (B, top panel) and ß-catenin (B, third panel) and in a reduction in the total levels of cadherin-11 (B, second panel). Actin immunoblot (B, bottom panel) served as a loading control.

 


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Fig. 6. Polarized distribution of the tight junction associated protein, ZO-1, in aggregates of Pax3flag-expressing Saos-2 cells. The formation of apico-basal epithelial type cell polarity was assessed by examining the distribution of ZO-1 by indirect immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. The distribution of ZO-1 in control infected (a-d,m) or Ad-Pax3flag-infected (e-l,n) cells was examined at three days postinfection. Optical sections through the regions indicated are depicted in a-c, e-h and i-l. Panels e-h are representative of the ZO-1 distribution in single layered aggregates, and (i-l) its distribution in multi-layered (this series depicts a two-layered aggregate) aggregates of Ad-Pax3flag-infected cells. (j) Optical section through the interface between the apex of the layer of cells attached to the substratum and the basal regions of the second layer of cells. (m,n) XZ-projections of the series presented in a-d and e-f, respectively. Note that in Ad-Pax3flag-infected cells, ZO-1 junctional staining is restricted to the apex of lateral sites of cell-cell contact (arrow in n), and in multi-layered aggregates the junctional staining is strongest at the apex of exposed cells (compare j and k). Bars, 20 µm (a,e,i). Bars, 10 µm (m,n).

 


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Fig. 8. Ectopic Pax3 expression induces formation of an epithelial-type microtubule organization. Saos-2 cells were infected with control (a—d) or Ad-Pax3flag (e-k) adenoviruses, and microtubule organization was assessed at three days postinfection by indirect immunofluorescence confocal microscopy with antibodies to ß-tubulin. Optical sections at a level below the nucleus (a,e,i), at the level of the nucleus (b,f,j) and through the apical most region (c,g,k) revealed distinct microtubule organization between Ad-ßgal- and Ad-Pax3flag-infected cells. Images in panels i, j and k are magnified images of e, f and g, respectively. Note the presence of many punctate dots at all levels in Ad-Pax3flag-infected cells. (d,h) Projections of optical sections from each respective series. Bars, 10 µm.

 


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Fig. 9. Ectopic Pax3 expression induces expression of endogenous c-met and HGF induces epithelial-mesenchymal phenotypic reversion of Pax3flag-expressing cell aggregates. Saos-2 cells were infected with either Ad-ßgal or Ad-Pax3flag viruses and harvested at the time points indicated. (A) Expression of c-met and Pax3flag transcripts were assessed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from the same samples as a control. (B) Expression of c-met and Pax3flag proteins was determined by western blot analysis with antibodies specific for each protein. Actin levels served as a loading control. (C-F) Phase-contrast images of Saos-2 cells infected with Ad-Pax3flag (C,D) and Ad-ßgal (E,F) adenovirus. At three days postinfection cells were exposed to conditioned media containing six scatter units of HGF/SF (D,F) or control conditioned media (C,E) and images of live cells were captured 24 hours later. Exposure of Ad-Pax3flag-infected cells to HGF/SF led to a complete dissociation of cell aggregates with many cells exhibiting an elongated motile appearance (arrowheads in D). Bars, 80 µm.

 

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