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Fig. 1. Multiple domains and functions of APC, and its truncated mutants found in colon cancer. (A) An evolutionary tree of the fly, mouse and human APC1 and APC2 proteins drawn by a Vector NTI 7 software (Invitrogen Corporation). Note that the two fly APC genes are not direct orthologues of the two mammalian genes. (B) Schematic diagram that shows multiple domains of the full-length APC and their functions. APC stimulates cell migration through interactions with Asef, IQGAP1 or mDia. APC is involved in cell adhesion through controlling  -catenin distribution between the nucleus/cytoplasm and the plasma membrane. APC inhibits -catenin/TCF transcription through interactions with -catenin or CtBP. APC regulates chromosome segregation through kinetochore binding, and through suppression of the canonical Wnt signalling. Red arrows and blue bars indicate `activation' and `inhibition', respectively. (C) Schematic diagram that shows one of the C-terminally truncated APC proteins and its role in tumorigenesis. Truncated APC stimulates cell migration more strongly than the full-length APC does, whereas loss of its C-terminal domains causes activation of the Wnt signalling pathway and induction of chromosome instability (CIN).
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