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First published online May 20, 2008
doi: 10.1242/10.1242/jcs.029397

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The intraflagellar transport protein IFT57 is required for cilia maintenance and regulates IFT-particle–kinesin-II dissociation in vertebrate photoreceptors

Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA

View larger version (160K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Histological sections of 4 dpf wild-type, IFT57 and IFT88 mutant and morphant retinas. (A) Wild-type retinas at 4 dpf are fully laminated, and the outer nuclear layer (ONL), inner nuclear layer (INL) and retinal ganglion cells (RGC) are present. The outer plexiform layer (OPL) and the inner plexiform layer (IPL) are easily observable. (B,C) Lamination and cellular differentiation are unaffected in both IFT57 and IFT88 mutants; however, acellular holes (arrows) in the ONL are observed. (D) High-magnification images of wild-type retinas showing photoreceptor outer segments (arrowheads). Outer segments are not observed in IFT88 mutants (C); however, short outer segments are observed in IFT57 mutants (arrowhead). (G) Western blot analysis of IFT57 mutants at 4 dpf. No IFT57 protein is observed in IFT57 mutants (upper blot, lane 2). Blots probed with anti-acetylated tubulin serve as a loading control (lower blot). (H,I) Histological analysis of IFT57 and IFT88 morphants phenocopy the IFT57 and IFT88 mutations, respectively. Arrowheads in D,E,H indicate outer segments and arrows in E,H,I indicate acellular holes or pyknotic nuclei. Scale bar: 100 µm in A-C; 20 µm in D-F,H,I.

View larger version (108K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Immunohistochemical analysis of wild type and IFT mutants. Retinal cryosections of 4 dpf larvae were stained with 1D1, an antibody that labels rhodopsin, with BOPS, an antibody against blue cone opsin, and with ZPR1, an antibody that recognizes an unknown epitope of red-green double cones. In addition, anti-acetylated tubulin (AT) was used to label microtubules and visualize cilia. In all panels, immunolabel is shown in green and nuclei are counterstained with DAPI (blue). (A) Wild-type photoreceptors have rhodopsin localized almost exclusively to the outer segment (arrowhead). (B) IFT57 mutants display significant rhodopsin localization to the outer segment (arrowhead), but punctate areas of rhodopsin mislocalization (inset, red arrowhead) are observed, as well as mislocalization of rhodopsin through the plasma membrane (red arrow). (C) IFT88 mutant photoreceptors have rhodopsin completely mislocalized throughout the plasma membrane (red arrow) and both IFT mutants exhibit cell death in the photoreceptor layer, as indicated by condensed and bright DAPI-labeled nuclei of pyknotic cells (white arrow). (D-F) Blue opsin also localizes to the outer segments of blue cones. IFT57 and IFT88 mutants exhibit a similar pattern of mislocalization with blue cone opsin as seen with rhodopsin. (G-I) ZPR1 labeling indicates red-green double-cone morphology at 4 dpf in wild type. IFT57 and IFT88 mutants have shorter cones when measured in the apical-basal axis, and adopt an abnormal morphology. (J-L) Anti-acetylated tubulin stains microtubules in the connecting cilia (arrowheads) that project apically from the cell body in both wild type and IFT57 mutants, but not in IFT88 mutants. Scale bar: 10 µm.

View larger version (153K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Transmission electron microscopy of 4 dpf wild-type, IFT57 and IFT88 mutant retinas. (A-C) Low-magnification electron micrographs of wild-type and mutant retinas, illustrating the outer segment (OS), inner segment (IS) and nucleus (N). Wild type and IFT57 mutants both exhibit photoreceptor outer segments, but IFT88 mutants lack these structures. (D,E) High-magnification micrographs of wild-type and IFT57 mutant retinas. Wild-type photoreceptors exhibit well-organized disk stacking within the outer segment, and the connecting cilium (black arrow) is observable. IFT57 mutants also demonstrate normal disk stacking within the outer segment, and the base of the connecting cilium (black arrow) is evident. An accumulation of vesicles (black arrowheads) is observed at the base of the cilium. Asterisk indicates centrioles oriented at right angles within the photoreceptor. (F-H) Immunogold labeling of rhodopsin in wild-type retinas shows dense labeling within the outer segment. Outer segments are outlined by broken lines and insets are magnified views of the boxed area in each panel, which illustrate gold particle density. IFT57 mutant outer segments demonstrate a lower density of label when compared with wild type, whereas rhodopsin localizes most densely to the apical part of the photoreceptor in IFT88 mutants. Scale bar: 2 µm in A-C; 200 nm in D,E; 0.75 µm in F; 1 µm in G,H.

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Quantification of photoreceptor outer segment length and rhodopsin staining density within the outer segment in wild type and IFT57 mutants. (A) IFT57 mutant photoreceptor outer segments are reduced in length by 75% when compared with age-matched wild-type photoreceptors. Data were taken from retinas of four animals for both wild type and IFT mutants. (B) Photoreceptor outer segments in IFT57 mutants contain 59% less rhodopsin. Staining density was determined by counting colloidal gold particles in a random 0.25 µm2 region of rod outer segments with each data point obtained from a unique outer segment. Data were obtained from retinas of four animals for both wild type and IFT57 mutants. (A) P<0.01, (B) P<0.0001, as determined by a Student's t-test.

View larger version (91K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. IFT20 and IFT88 localize to the base of the cilium in IFT57 mutant rods. (A) Wild-type rods expressing an IFT20-GFP transgene exhibit IFT20 localization at the base of the cilium (acetylated tubulin), where it colocalizes with acetylated tubulin (yellow; arrowhead). As the embryos do not carry an integrated transgene, only a small number of rod photoreceptors in the retina exhibit expression. (B) Loss of IFT57 does not affect IFT20-GFP localization to connecting cilia (arrowhead). Arrow indicates the connecting cilia in a neighboring cell that does not express the IFT20-GFP transgene. (C,D) In the presence or absence of IFT57, IFT20-GFP localized to the Golgi apparatus, where it colocalizes with syntaxin 6 (arrowhead). (E) IFT88 localizes to the base of the connecting cilium (arrowhead) in wild-type photoreceptors as well as in (F) IFT57 mutant photoreceptors. Abbreviations: AT, acetylated tubulin; Syn-6, syntaxin 6. Scale bar: 10 µm in A,B,E,F; 40 µm in C,D.

View larger version (49K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Biochemical analysis of IFT57 mutants. (A) Western blot of lysates generated from the larval heads of 4 dpf wild type and IFT57 mutants. Mutation of IFT57 does not significantly alter the abundance of any other IFT protein other than IFT57. (B) Lysates of wild type (+/+) or IFT57 mutants (IFT57–/–) were incubated with rabbit antibodies against zebrafish IFT88 or normal rabbit IGG as a negative control. Immunoprecipitates were subsequently blotted with antibodies against KIF3A, IFT52 and IFT20. In IFT57 mutants, IFT20 is not precipitated along with the IFT complex, whereas more KIF3A is precipitated. (C) The addition of 1 mM ATP to lysates blocks the association of KIF3A with the IFT particle in wild-type lysates but not in IFT57 lysates. Lysates were prepared as described above, and then ATP was added to a final concentration of 1 mM prior to the addition of IFT88 antibody and precipitation. (D) The addition of 10 mM ATP blocks the association of KIF3A with the IFT particle in both wild-type and mutant lysates. Asterisks indicate IGG heavy chain band from precipitating antibody on immunoblots.

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. IFT57 and IFT20 mediate the ATP-dependent dissociation of kinesin. (A) A model describing the nature of protein interactions within the IFT complex. IFT57 tethers IFT20 to the IFT particle, while kinesin binds to the IFT particle through an unknown entity. IFT20 physically interacts with KIF3B and mediates the ATP-dependent dissociation of kinesin. (B) In the absence of IFT57, IFT20 can no longer associate with the IFT particle. However, the interaction of kinesin with the IFT particle is stabilized by loss of IFT57 and IFT20 from the IFT particle.

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