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First published online 21 October 2008
doi: 10.1242/jcs.029769

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Signaling through urokinase and urokinase receptor in lung cancer cells requires interactions with β1 integrins

Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA

View larger version (41K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. uPAR expression, uPA binding and membrane partners of cells expressing HD mutant uPAR. (A) FACS analysis of uPAR expression in H1299 cells. Control, uPAR-knockdown, WT and HD cells were harvested and incubated with antibodies against uPAR, followed by APC-conjugated secondary antibodies. (B) uPA 1-48-Fc binding to H1299 cells. uPAR-knockdown (shu), WT and HD cells were acid-washed to remove bound endogenous uPA, cells were incubated with 1-48-Fc (0-50 nM) at 4°C for 1 hour and the bound 1-48-Fc was detected by anti-Fc-APC. The mean fluorescence was plotted. Data represents mean ± s.d. from three independent experiments. (C) Co-immunoprecipitation of uPAR with caveolin, V integrin, or EGFR. H1299 cells expressing WT and HD uPAR were lysed in 1% Triton X-100 lysis buffer and the lysates were immunoprecipitated with mAb to uPAR (R2). The lysates and immunoprecipitates were then separated by SDS-PAGE and blotted for uPAR (399R), caveolin pAb, V integrin pAb or EGFR pAb. The experiment was performed at least three times with similar results.

View larger version (99K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Change of mechanism in vitronectin adhesion by H249A-D262A mutations on uPAR. (A) vitronectin adhesion of cells expressing HD uPAR does not require uPAR–3β1-integrin association. H1299 and HEK293 cells expressing WT and HD uPAR were seeded on to vitronectin (2 µg/ml)-coated wells with or without 10 µg/ml mAb against integrin 3 (P1B5) or 5 (P1D6), nonimmune IgG (IgG) or 0.4 mM peptide 325 or its scrambled version, sc325. After incubation for 1 hour, cells were rinsed and adherent cells were stained with Giemsa. (B) Vitronectin adhesion of cells expressing HD uPAR is mediated by uPA–uPAR–Vβ5-integrin. uPAR-knockdown H1299 cells (shu), HEK293 non-transfected cells (ctl) and H1299 and HEK293 cells expressing WT and HD uPAR were seeded on vitronectin-coated wells with or without 10 µg/ml mAb to uPAR (ATN615, ATN617), integrin Vβ3 (LM609), Vβ5 (P1D6), 0.5 mM peptide RGD or control RAD, or 0.4 mM peptide β1P1 or its scrambled version, scβ1P1. Cells were incubated, rinsed and stained as above. The adhesion assays shown above are representative of at least three independent experiments.

View larger version (66K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Loss of uPAR–β1-integrin association and change of cell morphology by H249A-D262A mutations on uPAR. (A) H, D or HD mutations in uPAR disrupt the formation of uPAR–β1-integrin complexes. H1299 cells expressing WT, H, D or HD uPAR were lysed in 1% Triton X-100 lysis buffer and the lysates were immunoprecipitated with monoclonal antibody to 3 integrin (P1B5) or 5 integrin (P1D6). The lysates and immunoprecipitates were then separated by SDS-PAGE and blotted for uPAR (R2) and integrin 3 or integrin 5. (B) uPAR co-clusters with 3 integrin but not 6 integrin. H1299 cells expressing WT or HD uPAR were plated on fibronectin and stained with mouse mAb to integrin 3 (P1B5) or rat mAb to integrin 6 (GoH3) on ice. The receptors were clustered with fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody (Alexa Fluor 350 for 3 integrin or Alex Fluor 568 for 6 integrin) at 37°C or left nonclustered as controls. Cells were then fixed and stained with conjugated anti-uPAR antibody (Rhodamine-conjugated ATN615 for 3-integrin-clustered cells or ATN615 with Alexa Fluor 350 for 6-integrin-clustered cells). To facilitate visualization, images were converted to pseudo color using Zeiss LSM Image Browser software: integrin (green), uPAR (red) and sites of colocalization (yellow). The indicated areas in the merged images were magnified and shown on the right. The above experiments were performed three times with similar results. (C) Quantification of 3 integrin co-clustering with uPAR. Percentage colocalization (colocalized 3÷total 3x100) from three independent experiments was measured using Zeiss LSM Image Browser software: WT (n=21) and HD (n=24), Student's t-test, *P<0.005. (D) Phase images of H1299 cells expressing WT or HD uPAR. WT cells show robust lamellipodia formation that is absent in HD cells. The indicated areas were magnified and shown on the right. (E) Phase images of H1299 cells expressing WT uPAR with or without treatment of uPAR–β1-integrin blocking peptide β1P1 or its scrambled control. β1P1-treated WT cells show no lamellipodia formation.

View larger version (65K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Matrix-mediated signaling requires uPAR–β1-integrin association. (A) Matrix-induced MMP9 expression and ERK activation are dependent on uPAR–β1-integrin association. H1299 cells expressing WT, H, D and HD uPAR were serum-starved and cultured on poly-L-lysine (PL), fibronectin (Fn) or laminin-5 (Ln5), for 20 minutes or 24 hours in serum-free DMEM. The conditioned media after 24 hours on matrices were analyzed by gelatin zymography. Clear zones of degradation are seen at 92 kDa indicated as MMP9. Lysates from cells cultured for 20 minutes on matrices were immunoblotted with anti-ERK-P and anti-ERK antibodies. (B) Matrix-induced MMP1 expression is dependent on uPAR–β1-integrin association. Cells expressing WT and HD uPAR were serum-starved and cultured on poly-L-lysine, fibronectin or laminin-5 for 48 hours in serum-free DMEM. The conditioned media were immunoblotted for MMP1. Some WT cells were pretreated with the MEK inhibitor PD98059 (10 µM). Total ERK was detected as a loading control. (C) uPAR–β1-integrin blocking peptides inhibit matrix-induced MMP expression. Serum-starved cells expressing WT uPAR were pretreated with 0.4 mM peptide 325, scrambled 325, β1P1 or scrambled β1P1 and then plated on fibronectin or laminin-5 for 24 hours (for MMP9) or 48 hours (for MMP1) in serum-free DMEM. The conditioned media were analyzed by gelatin zymography for MMP9 or immunoblotted for MMP1. The volume of conditioned medium loaded to the gel was normalized to total protein in the lysate. All data shown are representative of three experiments with similar results.

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Both uPA-uPAR and uPAR association with β1 integrins are critical to lung cancer cell invasion. (A) Matrigel invasion of H1299 cells. Control, uPAR knockdown (shu), WT, H, D, or HD uPAR expressing H1299 cells were seeded into 24-well Transwell units (1x105 cells/well in triplicate) and allowed to invade Matrigel for 24 hours. The cells that had passed through the filter and attached to the bottom of the filter coated with fibronectin were fixed and stained with Giemsa. The stained cells on the membrane were extracted with 10% acetic acid. Cell invasiveness was evaluated by measuring OD595 nm. (B) Effects of inhibitors on H1299 cell invasion. H1299 cells were pretreated with antibodies (10 µg/ml): 394, uPA activity neutralizing antibody; ATN617, uPAR mAb blocking uPA binding, or control IgG; peptides (100 µM): β1P1 or scβ1P1; inhibitors: GM6001 (0.1 µM), PD98059 (10 µM) or AG1478 (1 µM). The invasion assay was carried out as described above. The results are expressed as a percentage of inhibition observed in the no treatment control. All data are representative of three independent experiments carried out in triplicate.

View larger version (67K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. uPA signaling requires uPAR–β1-integrin interactions. (A) Time course of ERK activation in H1299 and H1264 cells. Cells were serum-starved for 24 hours, acid-washed to remove bound endogenous uPA and then incubated with pro-uPA (10 nM) in serum-free medium for different time points (minutes): 0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 30. The cells were lysed in RIPA buffer and immunoblotted with anti-phospho-ERK and anti-total-ERK antibodies, respectively. (B) uPA-induced signaling in H1299 cells. H1299 cells expressing WT or HD uPAR were serum-starved, acid washed and then incubated with pro-uPA (10 nM) in serum-free medium for 5 minutes to assess ERK activation and 30 minutes to assess activation of Akt, GSK-3β or Stat. The lysates were immunoblotted with anti-phospho- and anti-total-antibodies to ERK, Akt, GSK-3β, or Stat1 or Stat3. (C) Effects of inhibitors on uPA-induced signaling. H1299 and H1264 cells expressing endogenous uPAR were serum-starved, acid washed, pretreated with uPAR–β1-integrin blocking peptide (β1P1) or scrambled peptide (scβ1P1) and then incubated with pro-uPA (10 nM) in serum-free medium. (D) EGF-induced ERK phosphorylation is not affected by H249A and/or D262A mutations in uPAR. H1299 cells expressing WT, H, D or HD uPAR were serum-starved and incubated with 20 ng/ml EGF for 10 minutes and cell lysates were assessed for ERK activation. All the experiments were performed at least three times with similar results.

View larger version (60K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. H249A-D262A mutations on uPAR inhibit orthotopic lung tumor growth in vivo. (A) Tumor area is reduced in HD-mutant group and uPAR-knockdown group. WT or HD uPAR expressing H1299 cells or control (ctl) or uPAR knockdown (shu) H1299 cells were injected into the left lungs of nude mice (2x105 in 20 µl of 10% Matrigel/mouse). 35 days later the lungs were harvested, embedded in OCT and serial sections were inspected for tumor size by examining green fluorescence. Average tumor area was measured using SimplePCI software and plotted: WT (n=20) and HD (n=22), Mann-Whitney U-test, **P<0.044; ctl (n=13) and uPAR knockdown (shu; n=14), Mann-Whitney U-test, *P<0.019. (B) Representative images of GFP-positive tumors. A view showing only a small part of the tumor mass from a lung injected with control cells and a view showing the whole tumor from injected uPAR-knockdown cells. The images were taken under x10 magnification by fluorescence microscopy using a Spot Camera and imaging software.

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