Fig. 1. The spindle assembly checkpoint acts as a molecular safeguard in ensuring faithful chromosome transmission during mitosis. During prophase, the duplicated interphase chromatin condenses into chromosomes (blue) within the nucleus. Simultaneously, the radial array of microtubules (black lines) disappears, and a bipolar array (the mitotic spindle) forms by microtubules emanating from two opposite poles (green) defined by the previously duplicated and now separated pair of centrosomes. Subsequently, the nuclear envelope breaks downs marking the initiation of prometaphase. During this stage, the kinetochores (red) on chromosomes encounter and capture spindle microtubules. When a chromosome becomes attached by microtubules from two opposite spindle poles, it congresses to the equatorial plane (the metaphase plate). In the presence of an intact spindle assembly checkpoint, anaphase onset is triggered when and only when all the chromosomes are attached via kinetochores by microtubules from two spindle poles and correctly aligned at the equatorial plane, a stage referred to as metaphase. However, in cells that have defective spindle assembly checkpoint, anaphase onset is triggered prematurely despite the presence of unattached or improperly attached chromosomes, resulting in missing or extra chromosomes (aneuploidy) in the daughter cells.

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