Fig. 2. Many receptors and second messengers are coupled to the activation of Rap1 guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Rap1GEFs), and an increase in the cellular levels of active, GTP-bound Rap1. Abbreviations used in this figure: ADP, adenosine diphosphate; fMLP, formyl-methionine leucine phenylalanine; LPA, lysophosphatidic acid; DAG, diacyl glycerol; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; IFN-, alpha-interferon; TCR, T cell receptor; EphK, ephrin kinase; TNF, tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-1, interleukin 1; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor; RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase (including kinase-associated receptors); DD-R, death-domain-associated receptor. The corresponding bibliographic references are given in the text body.

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