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Fig. 2. Ras activity probes. These reporters are based on the Ras-binding domain (RBD) from Raf-1 fused to a fluorescent protein. Active Ras has been detected by the degree of membrane localization, in some cases with the additional sensitivity of a FRET indicator. Numbering applies to the human Raf-1 primary sequence. CR1 is the N-terminal conserved region of Raf-1 containing the RBD and cysteine-rich domain (CRD). CR2 is a serine- and threonine-rich region containing regulatory phosphorylation sites. CR3 is the catalytic domain of the kinase. Studies that have used various different domains as reporters are indicated and discussed in the text.