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Fig. 2. RA itself is responsible for the potentiation of SSC frequency. RA was decomposed into 5,6-epoxyretinoic acid and glucuronide by exposing 10 µM RA solution to a strong light overnight and the complete decomposition was confirmed by disappearance of yellow color of the RA solution ('bleached RA'). The basal level of spontaneous ACh release was not affected by the addition of bleached RA (A), DMSO vehicle (B), or (C) retinol. Note the subsequent addition of RA ~20 minutes after retinol application caused a significant increase in SSC frequency. Scale bars, 1 nA, 30 seconds. (D) Summary of the change in SSC frequency. Plotted are the mean and s.e.m. from 7-9 separate experiments. *P< 0.05 compared with the control group (Student's t-test). The reference dotted line is shown for comparison.





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