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Fig. 1. Signaling pathways for cell migration mediated by JNK. Extracellular stimuli, such as serum, EGF and TGF-ß, activate MEKK1 through FAK/Src or Rac. Active MEKK1 phosphorylates and activates MKK4 or MKK7, which then phosphorylates and activates JNK. The activated JNK in turn phosphorylates Jun, paxillin, Spir, DCX and MAPs. Paxillin phosphorylation might facilitate cell adhesion turnover, thus promoting rapid migration of cells. The phosphorylation of DCX, MAP1B and MAP2 might promote microtubule dynamics, thus enhancing neuronal migration. The phosphorylation of Jun is also involved in cell migration, but the mechanism is unknown. Spir phosphorylation might also play a role in actin dynamics and cell migration. MT, microtubule. Orange lines represent speculative pathways.





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