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Fig. 2. (A) Fluence-dependent induction of micronuclei. The formation of micronuclei is plotted against the irradiation time in minutes and total radiation fluence. An increase, according to Eqn 2, of the percentage of induced micronuclei proportional to the irradiation energy is demonstrated. Inset shows a typical micronucleus detected after UV-A exposure. (B) Histone H2AX phosphorylation in HaCaT cells after UV-A exposure. Inset left shows histone H2AX phoshorylation in control cells: only a weak diffuse signal is visible. Inset right shows cells after exposure to UVA irradiation in which a clear signal of 
-H2AX becomes visible. For the analysis, 2x200 cells were scored in three independent preparations, and the plot shows the mean values together with standard deviation. (C) Focus formation of DNA-PKcs. The frequency of cells with DNA-PKcs is plotted against the irradiation time and UV-A fluence. The insets show the distribution of DNA-PKcs in control cells (left) and in cells exposed to UV-A (right). (D) The frequency of cells showing Rad51 foci is plotted against the irradiation time and the energy of irradiation, revealing saturation at approximately 40%. Inset left shows Rad51 foci in non-irradiated cells: only a few weak signals are detectable. By contrast, inset right shows that after UV-A exposure many cells show strong signals. (E) Response curves, normalised to the maximum response: dose dependencies of the data presented in A-D. The steepest increase is detected for -H2AX, whereas the lowest detected is for micronuclei formation.
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