spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


spacer gif
     Home     Help     Feedback     Subscriptions     Archive     Search     Table of Contents    

Right arrow Help viewing high resolution images
Right arrow Return to article
(Downloading may take up to 30 seconds.
If the slide opens in your browser, select File -> Save As to save it.)
Click on image to view larger version.



Fig. 5. Regulation of protein synthesis and cell growth by AMPK and PKB/Akt by the mTOR pathway. Cellular stresses activate AMPK because the increase in AMP promotes its phosphorylation by LKB1; whereas growth factors activate PKB/Akt because the increase in phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] promotes its phosphorylation by PDK1. AMPK and PKB/Akt phosphorylate TSC2 at different sites, and this stimulates or inhibits, respectively, the ability of the TSC1-TSC2 complex to inhibit TOR. Amino acids also stimulate TOR through the TSC complex. TOR in turn stimulates protein synthesis, and hence cell growth, through ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and elongation factor-4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). The molecular events immediately upstream and downstream of TOR in this pathway are not shown in detail and remain incompletely understood.





Right arrow Return to article