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Fig. 1. Effects of CAL on gliding and invasion by Toxoplasma gondii. (A) Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrating that the average length of trails deposited during gliding increased with calmidazolium (CAL) treatment. Parasites were treated with DMSO (control) or 10 µM CAL and allowed to glide on serum-coated glass. Trails were visualized with anti-SAG1 mAb DG52 conjugated to Alexa488. Bar, 5 µm. (B) Quantification of trails deposited in assay shown in A demonstrated that trail length increased with 1 µM and 10 µM CAL treatment. Bars show average trail length in parasite body lengths (mean±s.e.m.). *A significant difference (P
0.05) compared to control trail lengths, two-tailed Student's t-test. (C) Percentage of T. gondii invading host cells increased with CAL treatment. Parasites were treated with 1 µM or 10 µM CAL or DMSO and allowed to invade HFF cells. A two-color immunofluorescence assay was used to distinguish between intracellular and extracellular parasites as described previously (Carruthers et al., 1999a). 1 µM cytochalasin D (CD) was used as a negative control for invasion. Bars show the average percentage of intracellular parasites (mean±s.e.m.). *A significant difference (P<0.05) when compared to the percentage of control parasites that invaded host cells, two-tailed Student's t-test.
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