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Fig. 3. Topological deformation method for the standardization of cell nuclear shape. (A) Coordinate system of image. The z-axis runs out from the x-y plane towards the reader. (B) Standardization of the nuclear shape. The broken and solid lines indicate actual and standardized nuclear shapes, respectively. (C) Calculation of chromosomal positions. (D) Quasi-3D visualization of the standardized nucleus shape. Deformation was performed in the projected 2D space; transformed x-y positions and the original z position were used. The cylindrical nucleus was constructed using the standardized 2D nucleus shape.