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Fig. 2. Pro- and anti-proliferative activities of AP-1 subunits during cell-cycle progression. AP-1 modulates cell proliferation through its ability to regulate the expression and function of cell-cycle regulators such as cyclin D1, cyclin A, p53, p21Cip1, p16Ink4a and p19ARF. The capacity of AP-1 both to promote and inhibit cell-cycle progression is most likely due to the abundance of distinct members within a given cell, as well as the cell type and its microenvironment. JunB and ATF-2 regulate expression of cyclin A in chondrocytes and osteoblasts, whereas Fos-dependent expression of cyclin A and cyclin E has been described for chondrocytes. Additionally, ATF-2 regulates expression of cyclin D1 in chondrocytes and osteoblasts.





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