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Fig. 2. Various mechanisms that might underlie involvement of VGSCs in galvanotaxis. Contraction could be driven by Ca2+ originating from a variety of sources secondary to Na+ influx through VGSCs. Alternatively, it could be stimulated by protein kinase A (PKA) activated by cAMP, synthesized by adenylate cyclase, stimulated by Na+. Direct interaction between the ß subunits of VGSCs and the cytoskeleton is also possible.





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