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Fig. 2. Discrete ${gamma}$ -H2AX foci are located over synapsed autosomal regions at pachytene. Three different pachytene spermatocytes after double immunolabelling of the cohesin subunit SMC3 (green) and the histone variant ${gamma}$ -H2AX (red). Merged images (SMC3 and ${gamma}$ -H2AX, fourth column) and DAPI stained nuclei (blue) are also shown. SMC3 staining indicates the absence of full synapsis (A,E,I). The number of ${gamma}$ -H2AX foci reveals the different pachytene substages. Early pachytene (A-D) with a large amount of ${gamma}$ -H2AX foci. The number of foci varies from seven to 12 in mid-pachytene (E-H), but foci are absent in late pachytene (I-L). Notice that the amount of synapsis is similar in all pachytene sub-stages. X indicates sex chromosome. Bar, 10 µm.

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