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Fig. 4. Cell speed increases and cell morphology changes upon a rise of extracellular calcium concentration under applied stress. (A,B) Ax2 cells were allowed to adhere to glass at a low (5-10 µM) calcium concentration in MES-Na buffer, then a constant shear stress (2.4 Pa) was applied and video recording started (t=0 minutes). After 2 minutes, the calcium concentration was raised to 1 mM (
) or 100 µM (open circles) at the same shear stress. The instant cell velocity modulus (A) and directionality (B) are plotted as a function of time. (C,D) High-resolution imaging of cells undergoing shear-flow-induced motility (
=2.4 Pa) in the presence of 1 mM CaCl2. Cells were imaged during either the immediate (C) or the adapted (D) phases, defined as on Fig. 4A. In C are shown examples of the large protrusions frequently observed when calcium is raised under shear stress (white arrowheads). In D are shown small protrusions observed either at low calcium concentrations or when cells are adapted to the extracellular calcium concentrations (black arrowheads).
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