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Fig. 3. TNF-
stimulates invasion of collagen gels. 2A4 cells were plated on top of a collagen gel, allowed to form a monolayer and subsequently incubated with or without different concentrations of TNF-. 5 days later, the cultures were photographed at a focal plane below the surface to visualize cells that have penetrated the gel. In untreated cultures (A), only rare cells migrate from the surface monolayer into the underlying collagen matrix. By contrast, in cultures treated with TNF- (3 ng ml-1) (B), there is extensive invasion of the collagen gel. Scale bars, 100 µm. (C) Invasion was quantified by counting the number of all cellular structures (i.e. apparently single cells and cell cords) present in a photographic field at a focal plane beneath the surface monolayer. Five randomly selected fields per condition were analysed in each of three separate experiments. *P<0.025 (compared with control values); **P<0.0005 (compared with control values).
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