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Fig. 1. Flow inhibits the upstream migration of endothelial cells in an in-vitro wound. A confluent PAEC monolayer was wounded, and 4 hours later placed under perpendicular flow (from top to bottom in all figures). Migration of cells into the wound was monitored by time-lapse phase-contrast microscopy. (A) Image of a wound, 1 hour after the application of flow (25 dyn/cm2), with the white lines marking the contour of the front of the cell at time 0 and the black lines marking the front after 60 minutes. Cells migrating downstream advanced on average more than 15 µm, whereas cells facing upstream did not advance but retracted. (B) A kymograph of two cells, located at either side of a wound, depicting the dynamics of the leading edge at 16-second resolution over a period of 70 minutes under flow (20 dyn/cm2). (C) The relationship between migration speed and flow rate (average values, based on 40 cells). Empty and solid circles represent cells migrating downstream and upstream, respectively. (D) Immunolabeling of cells after 30 minutes of flow (20 dyn/cm2) for actin and phosphotyrosine (PY). Bar, 10 µm (A,B); 5 µm (D).





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