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Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of an adhesion experiment and the corresponding typical force curves for approach (red) and retraction (green) from the surface. The cantilever/cell is moved towards the surface and no force is detected (A). When the cell is pressed on the fibronectin surface, the force increases until it reaches a pre-set level (B). After a given contact time, the cantilever/cell is withdrawn from the surface and the bonds that have been formed break sequentially (C) until the cell has completely separated from the surface (D). To quantify the adhesion, one can measure the maximal force needed to separate cell and surface F, the detachment work W, and the number and magnitude of detachment events along the curve (J, T; see also text).
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