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Fig. 5. Cellular pathways leading to upregulation of COX-2 in neutrophils. Left: In adenosine-free conditions, the PI-3K and ERK pathways are primarily involved in the induction of COX-2, following engagement of formylated peptide receptor-1 (FPR1). Center: In response to LPS, the p38 pathway is almost exclusively solicited. Right: An elevation of intracellular cAMP concentrations can cause COX-2 induction, through a classic PKA-dependent activation of CREB, or through activation of the p38, PI-3K and ERK1/2 pathways. LBP, LPS-binding protein; TLR4, Toll-like receptor-4.





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