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Fig. 4. The active cAMP analog sp-cAMP also attenuates keratinocyte galvanotaxis. The migration rate and cosine of the migration angle [cos()] for control, ß-adrenergic-agonist-treated (0.1 nM), sp-cAMP-treated cells (50 µM) and cells pretreated with sp-cAMP before agonist addition were measured after 1 hour in the presence of an applied DC EF. Solid bars (left) represent migration rate, striped bars (right) represent directionality [cos()]. Field control, n=132; 0.1 nM ß-agonist, n=137; 50 µM sp-cAMP, n=67; sp-cAMP/0.1 nM ß-agonist, n=93. The data shown are combined from three independent experiments on two separate cell strains. Error bars indicate s.e.m. *P<0.01 (A). Circle graphs (radius 120 µm) were plotted to represent the translocation of keratinocytes after 1 hour in an applied DC EF of 100 mV mm^–1 in the presence of 0.1 nM ß-adrenergic agonist alone or cells treated with 50 µM sp-cAMP before agonist addition at time 0 (B). The migration rate and cosine of the migration angle [cos()] for control, PTX-treated cells (100 ng ml^–1) and cells pretreated with PTX before agonist addition were measured after 1 hour in the presence of an applied DC EF. Solid bars (left) represent migration rate, striped bars (right) represent directionality [cos()]. Field control, n=132; 100 ng ml^–1 PTX, n=67; 50 µM PTX/0.1 nM ß-agonist, n=96. The data shown are combined from three independent experiments on two separate cell strains. Error bars indicate s.e.m. *P<0.01 (C).

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