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Fig. 3. Interaction between apposing cells are specific and involve cadherins. (A) Force-distance curves for cells with and without either EDTA or anti-E-cadherin function-blocking monoclonal antibodies (ECCD-1). Inset shows the force peak, from which rupture force (height of the peak) and loading rate (reproach velocity of the cantilever times the rate of increase before rupture) are obtained. (B) Distribution of N-cadherin cell aggregates, as assessed by flow cytometry. This graph shows that the biotinylation process does not change the distribution of cell aggregates and, therefore, the functionality of cadherins is unaffected by biotinylation. Solid bars represent conditions where EDTA is added to the solution; hatched bars represent conditions where calcium is added. Blue bars represent non-biotinylated cells; red bars represent biotinylated cells. (C) Phase-contrast micrograph of cells in different aggregation states. Bar, 10 µm.